Transcript Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive…

Online Counseling Resource
YCMOU ELearning Drive…
School of Architecture, Science and Technology
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra
Open University, Nashik – 422222, India
OC-SBT/SBI/SGS011-01
Introduction
Programmes and Courses
 SEP –SBT011-CP1_U01
 SEP –SBT011-CP1_U01
 SEP – SGS011-CP1_U01
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Credits
 Academic Inputs by
 Sonali Alkari
 MSc (Botany), P.G. D.C. Bio-Informatics
[email protected]
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How to Use This Resource

Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver
lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.

Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should
follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.

Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should
be provided to each student.

Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which
could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance
knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end
exam.

Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.

Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end
exam.
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Learning Objectives
After studying this module, you should be able to:
 Describe origin of Life .
 Discuss different theories of Life .
 Describe Proteinoid.
 Discuss characteristics of Proteinoid.
© 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
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Introduction
 The question of origin of life on our planet, the
earth, has remained a most complicated and
puzzling problem for thinkers, philosophers and
naturalists of modern as well as ancient times.
 The fundamental issues of evolutionary biology
are the problems of chemical or molecular
evolution and its culmination into the origin of
life and the organic evolution and its products,
the origin of species.
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Origin of Life
 The word evolution means changes over a period of
time.
 The study of evolution provides a focus for
investigations into nature of life itself, the origin of
life, the great diversity of living things and the
similarities in structure and function of living things.
 Theories concerned with the Origin of the Earth and
indeed the universe are diverse and uncertain.
 In the natural sciences, abiogenesis, the question of
the Origin of Life, is the study of how life on Earth
might have emerged from non-life.
 It is believed to have happened sometime between
4.4 billion years ago.
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Theories for the Origin of Life
Major theories accounting for the origin of life on Earth are as follows.
1.
Life is Created by a 5 at a particular time (special
creation);
2.
Life arose from non-living matter on numerous
occasions by a process of spontaneous generation;
3.
Life has no origin (Steady-state);
4.
Life arrived on this planet from elsewhere
(Cosmozoan);
5.
Life arose according to chemical and physical laws
(biochemical evolution).
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Theories for the Origin of Life on Earth -1
 Special Creation Theory is supported by most of the
world’s major religions and civilizations. Since the
process of special creation occurred only once and
therefore cannot be observed, hence put outside the
framework of scientific investigations.
 Aristotle’s hypothesis of spontaneous generation or
Abiogenesis assumed that certain ’particles’ of matter
contained an ‘active principle’ which could produce a
living organism when conditions were suitable. He was
correct in assuming that the active principle
was
present in a fertilized egg, but incorrectly extended this
to the belief that sunlight, mud and decaying meat also
had active principle.
 Steady-state Theory asserts that the earth had no
origin, has always been able to support life, has
changed remarkably little, if at all. And species never
originated, they always existed, they can vary in
number or become extinct.
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Theories for the Origin of Life on Earth -2
 Cosmozon Theory doesn’t offer a mechanism to
account for the origin of life but favors the ides
that it could have extraterrestrial origin. It
doesn’t constitute a theory of origin as such
but merely shifts the problem to elsewhere in
the universe.
 Theory of Biochemical Evolution states that life
originated on earth sometime between 4.4
billion years ago, when water vapor first
liquefiedand 2.7 billion years ago, when the
ratio of stable isotopes of carbon (12C and 13C ),
iron and sulfur points to a biogenic origin of
minerals and sediments[and molecular
biomarkers indicate phytosynthesis.
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Origin of Basic Biological Molecules
 In the 1920s, Oparin, a Russian Biochemist and
Haldane, an english geneticist, independently
suggested that “origin of life occurred along
the origin and evolution of earth and its
atmosphere.
 The primordial atmosphere of earth had water,
methane and ammonia from which biologically
important macromolecules like proteins, lipids,
nucleic acid etc, were formed by a series of
changes called, a colloidal body called
Coacervate.
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Experimental Support of Oparins Hypothesis-1
 Staneley Miller and Harolod
Urey,
in
1953
provided
experimental
evidence
to
support Oparins hypothesis.
 The apparatus was devised
which
simulated
the
conditions of the surface of
prebiological
earth
and
analyzed the molecular forms
that arose
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Experimental Support of Oparins Hypothesis-2
 The apparatus consists of exposing water
vapour to electric shock of 75,00 volts (to
represent the lightening of thunder stroms) in
amonia and methane atmosphere.
 After two weeks he found many organic
compounds like carbohydrates and amino
acids.
 The results of Miller’s
experiment were
significant in demonstrating that it is possible
to pass from the inorganic to a biologically
important organic level.
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Proteinoid-1
 Proteinoids, or thermal proteins, bubbles, are
protein-like molecules formed inorganically
from amino acids. Some theories of abiogenesis
propose that proteinoids were a precursor to
the first living Cells.
 In the 1950s, the biochemist S. W. Fox and his
co-workers developed peptides from dry
mixtures of amino acids by heat.
 S. Fox mixed all twenty amino acids together
and heated them on volcanic rocks in an oven
at 170C for two hours.
 The biochemist S. W. Fox and his co-workers
discovered that phosphoric acid acted as a
catalyst for this reaction.
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Proteinoid-2
 The surface of rock was sprinkled with water
and allowed to cool (so that thermal
polyamino acids might came in contact with
water).
 When the residue was examined under
microscope, million of small spheres called
protenoids or microspheres were visualized.
 The polypeptides in proteins consists of about
eighteen amino acid residue, but because hey
were produced spontaneously, each had a
different amino acid sequence.
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Physical Properties of Proteinoid
 The protenoids microspheres were spherical,
microscopic and uniform diameter.
 Their size remained in between the range of
0.5-0.7mµ daimeter.
 They had a number of properties in common
with coccoid bacteria and microfossils found in
ancient geological strata.
 The common properties were uniformity in
size, stability in centrifugation, electron
microscopy, extreme pH variation, etc.
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Structural Properties of Protenoid
 Electron microscopic studies of protenoids
microspheres have revealed concentric double
layered boundaries around.
 Through
these
boundaries
diffusion
of
material from interior to exterior occure.
 Protenoids has the ability of motility, growth,
binary fission into two particles and a capacity
of reproduction by budding and fragmentation.
 Some of them stained by gram-postive stains ,
others by gram-negative stain.
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Enzyme Like activities of Protenoids
 They are found to have catalytic activity, such
as degradation of glucose.
 This enzymatic activity of protenoids lost
during heating.
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Proteinoid Acceptance
The model of protenoid for protocells is
widely
accepted
because
of
the
monomeric Origin.
This model suggest that protenoids are
information and its shows the origin of
communication
which
may
be
intercellular
or
intergenerational
communication.
In fact, it suggests the simultaneous
origin of both types of communication.
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What we Learn…
 You have learnt :
 Different theories accounting for the
origin of life on Earth
 Origin of Basic Biological
Molecules
 Oparins Hypothesis
 Proteinoid and their properties
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Critical Thinking Questions
1. How Life Originated ?
1. Are Proteinoids Living?
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Hints For Critical Thinking Question
1. Different theories of origin of Life.
1. Characteristics of cells and Proteinoids.
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Study Tips
 Book
 Title:The Living World
 Author: George
Johnson
 Book

Title: ABC Of Biology

Publisher :Holy Faith
 Book

Title: Biological Science

Author: Taylor, Green &
Stout
 www.en.wikipedia.org
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia
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End of the Presentation
Thank You !