Transcript Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive…

Online Counseling Resource
YCMOU ELearning Drive…
School of Architecture, Science and Technology
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra
Open University, Nashik – 422222, India
SEP-S08071-CP1-03
Introduction
Programmes and Courses
SEP –SBI071-CP1-UN1
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Credits
 Academic Inputs by
Sonali Alkari
Faculty YCMOU Nagpur Centre,
Faculty LAD college P.G. D of Biotechnology
Research officer Ankur Seeds Pvt Ltd
[email protected]
[email protected]
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
How to Use This Resource

Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver
lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.

Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should
follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.

Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should
be provided to each student.

Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which
could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance
knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end
exam.

Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.

Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end
exam.
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Learning Objectives
 After studying this module, you should be able to:
 Describe characteristics of computers
 Describe generations of computers
 Discuss technology which rules the different
generations of computers
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Characteristic of Computers-1
 Computers are electronic devices which can
input, store and manipulate data and output
information in a desired form.
 Computers have some common features which
are briefly presented below.
 Speed: A computer can do mathematical
operations move and copy documents at
a
speed in the order of million or billion
instructions per second.
 Reliability: Computer output is generally very
reliable subject to the conditions that the input
data is correct and the program instructions
should be reliable and correct.
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Characteristic of Computers-2
 Storage capability: As various computer media
can store millions of characters of data in a
condensed form, there is a tremendous saving
in the storage area required to maintain the
vital records necessary in a business
environment.
 Accuracy: Computers are very accurate. They
can perform their millions of operations with
great accuracy as their circuits have no
mechanical parts to wear and malfunction.
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Computer Generations
 The first electronic computing machine known as ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and calculator) was
introduced in 1940s.
 The first digital computer was developed during 194655.
 Later on various types of computers were developed
which different in speed, memory, input and output
devices, size and programming techniques.
 Computers developed after ENIZC have been classified
into five generations, viz (1) first generation,(2) second
generation, (3) third generation(4) fourth generation
and (5) fifth generation.
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1stGeneration(1940-1956): VacuumTubes
 The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry
and magnetic drums for memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms.
 They were very expensive to operate and in addition
to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of
heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
 First generation computers relied on machine
language to perform operations, and they could only
solve one problem at a time.
 Input was based on punched cards and paper tape,
and output was displayed on printouts.
 The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of
first-generation computing devices.
 The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer
delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau
in 1951.
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2ndGeneration(1956-1963): Transistors
 Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in
the second generation of computers.
 The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see
widespread use in computers until the late 50s.
 The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube,
allowing computers to become smaller, faster,
cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than
their first-generation predecessors.
 Though the transistor still generated a great deal of
heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was
a vast improvement over the vacuum tube.
 Second-generation computers still relied on punched
cards for input and printouts for output.
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2nd Generation(1956-1963):Transistors
 Second-generation computers moved from
cryptic binary machine language to symbolic,
or assembly, languages, which allowed
programmers to specify instructions in words.
 These computers are smaller, requires lesser
space and power, generate lass heat and are
faster than first generations.
 High-level programming languages were also
being developed at this time, such as early
versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.
 These were also the first computers that
stored their instructions in their memory,
which moved from a magnetic drum to
magnetic core technology.
 The first computers of this generation were
developed for the atomic energy industry.
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3rd Generation 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits
 The development of the integrated circuit was
the hallmark of the third generation of
computers.
 Transistors were miniaturized and placed on
silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and efficiency of
computers.
 Instead of punched cards and printouts, users
interacted with third generation computers
through keyboards and monitors and interfaced
with an operating system, which allowed the
device to run many different applications at one
time with a central program that monitored the
memory.
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3rd Generation 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits
 The integrated circuits (IC chips)are used as
main electronic components.
 External storage device are like second
generation computers.
 These computers are still more reliable,
compact and faster.
 They generate less heat and require less
power than second generation computers.
 Moreover, maintenance is very low.
 Computers
for
the
first
time
became
accessible to a mass audience because they
were
smaller
and
cheaper
than
their
predecessors.
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4th Generation-1971-Present: Microprocessors
 The
microprocessor
brought
the
fourth
generation of computers, as thousands of
integrated circuits were built onto a single
silicon chip.
 What in the first generation filled an entire room
could now fit in the palm of the hand.
 The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located
all the components of the computer - from the
central processing
unit and memory to
input/output controls - on a single chip.
 In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for
the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced
the Macintosh.
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4thGeneration-1971-Present: Microprocessors
 Microprocessors also moved out of the realm
of desktop computers and into many areas of
life as more and more everyday products
began to use microprocessors.
 As these small computers became more
powerful, they could be linked together to
form networks, which eventually led to the
development of the Internet.
 Fourth generation computers also saw the
development of GUIs, the mouse and
handheld devices.
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5thGeneration : Present & Beyond:
Artificial Intelligence
 Fifth generation computing devices, based on
artificial intelligence, are still in development,
though there are some applications, such as
voice recognition, that are being used today.
 The
use
of
parallel
processing
and
superconductors is helping to make artificial
intelligence a reality.
 Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will radically change the face
of computers in years to come.
 The goal of fifth-generation computing is to
develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning
and self-organization
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What You Learn…
 You have learnt :
 Computers are electronic devices which can
input, store and manipulate data and
output information in a desired form.
 Speed,
accuracy,
Reliability,
storage
capacity are the main characters which
makes computer a versatile tool.
 Computers developed after ENIZC have
been classified into five generations, viz (1)
first generation,(2) second generation, (3)
third generation(4) fourth generation and
(5) fifth generation.
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Critical Thinking Questions
o Describe in details characteristics of
computers.
o Describe in details different
generations of computers till date.
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Hints For Critical Thinking Question
1. Give the list of characters which
makes computers as essential
tool .
1. Number
of
generation,
tenure and technology used
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Study Tips:1
 Book1
 Title: Security Warrior
 Author: Cyrus Peikari, Anton Chuvakin
 Publisher: O'Reilly Media, Inc.
 Book2
 Title: Fundamentals of computers
 Author: V. Rajaraman
 Publisher: Prentice~Hall of India
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Study Tips:2
 Book3
 Title: Fundamental of computers Hardware
 Author: M.S.Bhatia
 Publishers: Khanna book publishing
 Book4
 Title: Bioinformatics
 Author: C.V.Murthy.
 Publishers: Himalaya PublishingHouse, India
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Study Tips
www.en.wikipedia.org
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
End of the Presentation
Thank You
© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.