Transcript operating system

Online Counseling Resource
YCMOU ELearning Drive…
School of Architecture, Science and Technology
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra
Open University, Nashik – 422222, India
SEP-S08071-CP1-04
Introduction
Programmes and Courses
SEP –S08071-CP1-UN1
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Credits
 Academic Inputs by
Sonali Alkari
Faculty YCMOU Nagpur Centre,
Faculty LAD college P.G. D of Biotechnology
Research officer Ankur Seeds Pvt Ltd
[email protected]
[email protected]
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
How to Use This Resource

Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver
lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.

Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should
follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.

Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should
be provided to each student.

Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which
could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance
knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end
exam.

Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.

Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end
exam.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Learning Objectives
 After studying this module, you should be able to:
 Describe operating system
 Discuss Unix
 Describe Linux
 Discuss windows
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Operating System-1
 An 'operating system' (commonly abbreviated
OS and O/S) is the software component of a
computer system that is responsible for the
management and coordination of activities and
the sharing of the resources of the computer.
 The operating system acts as a host for
applications that are run on the machine.
 As a host, one of the purposes of an operating
system is to handle the details of the operation
of the hardware.
 This relieves application programs from having
to manage these details and makes it easier to
write applications.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Operating System-2
 Almost all computers, including handheld
computers,
desktop
computers,
supercomputers, and even video game
consoles, use an operating system of some
type. Some of the oldest models may however
use an embedded operating system, that may
be contained on a compact disk or other data
storage device.
 Operating systems offer a number of services
to
application
programs
and
users.
Applications access these services through
application programming interfaces (APIs) or
system calls.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Operating System-3
 By invoking these interfaces, the application can
request a service from the operating system,
pass parameters, and receive the results of the
operation.
 Users may also interact with the operating
system with some kind a software user interface
(UI) like typing commands by using command
line interface (CLI) or using a graphical user
interface (GUI, commonly pronounced “gooey”).
 For hand-held and desktop computers, the user
interface is generally considered part of the
operating system.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Operating System-4
 On large multi-user systems like Unix and Unixlike systems, the user interface is generally
implemented as an application program that
runs outside the operating system.
 Common contemporary operating systems
include Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux and
Solaris.
 Microsoft Windows has a significant majority of
market share in the desktop and notebook
computer markets, while servers generally run
on Linux or other Unix-like systems.
 Embedded device markets are split amongst
several operating systems.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Operating System-5
 An operating system is a collection of
technologies which are designed to allow the
computer to perform certain functions.
 These technologies may or may not be present
in every operating system, and there are often
differences in how they are implemented.
 However as stated above most modern
operating systems are derived from common
design ancestors, and are therefore basically
similar.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Unix-1
 Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also
written as UNIX with small caps) is a computer
operating system originally developed in 1969 by a
group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken
Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe
Ossanna.
 Today's Unix systems are split into various branches,
developed over time by AT&T as well as various
commercial vendors and non-profit organizations.
 Unix operating systems are widely used in both
servers and workstations.
 Unix was designed to be portable, multi-tasking and
multi-user in a time-sharing configuration.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Unix-2
 The Unix environment and the client-server
program model were essential elements in the
development of the Internet and the reshaping
of computing as centered in networks rather
than in individual computers.
 Unix systems are characterized by various
concepts: the use of plain text for storing data; a
hierarchical file system; treating devices and
certain types of inter-process communication
(IPC) as files.
 Under Unix, the "operating system" consists of
many of these utilities along with the master
control program, the kernel.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Unix-3
 The kernel provides services to start and stop
programs, handle the file system and other common
"low level" tasks that most programs share, and,
perhaps most importantly, schedules access to
hardware to avoid conflicts if two programs try to
access the same resource or device simultaneously.
 To mediate such access, the kernel was given special
rights on the system, leading to the division between
user-space and kernel-space.
 The microkernel concept was introduced in an effort to
reverse the trend towards larger kernels and return to
a system in which most tasks were completed by
smaller utilities.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Unix-4
 The Unix system is composed of several
components that are normally packaged
together.
 By including — in addition to the kernel of an
operating
system
—
the
development
environment, libraries, documents, and the
portable, modifiable source-code for all of
these components, Unix was a self-contained
software system.
 This was one of the key reasons it emerged as
an important teaching and learning tool and
has had such a broad influence.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Unix-5
 The original V7 UNIX distribution, consisting
of copies of all of the compiled binaries plus
all of the source code and documentation
occupied less than 10MB, and arrived on a
single 9-track magnetic tape.
 The printed documentation, typeset from the
on-line sources, was contained in two
volumes.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Versions of UNIX
 There are many different versions of UNIX. Until a few
years ago, there were two main versions: the line of UNIX
releases that started at AT&T (the latest is System V
Release 4), and another line from the University of
California at Berkeley (the latest version is BSD 4.4).
 Some other major commercial versions include SunOS,
Solaris, SCO UNIX, AIX, HP/UX, and ULTRIX. The freely
available versions include Linux and FreeBSD.
 Many versions of UNIX, including System V Release 4,
merge earlier AT&T releases with BSD features. The recent
POSIX standard for UNIX-like operating systems defines a
single interface to UNIX.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Linux-1
 Linux is a
Unix-like computer operating systems
which use the Linux kernel.
 Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free
software and open source development; source code
can be freely modified, used, and redistributed by
anyone.
 Linux is predominantly known for its use in servers,
although it is installed on a wide variety of computer
hardware, ranging from embedded devices and
mobile phones to supercomputers.
 Its popularity as a desktop/laptop operating system
is growing due to the rise of netbooks and the Ubuntu
distribution of the operating system.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Linux-2
 The name "Linux" comes from the Linux kernel,
originally written in 1991 by Linus Torvalds.
 The system's utilities and libraries usually come
from the GNU operating system, announced in
1983 by Richard Stallman.
 Linux is a modular Unix-like operating system.
 Linux uses a monolithic kernel, the Linux kernel,
which handles process control, networking, and
peripheral and file system access. Device drivers
are integrated directly with the kernel.
 Linux can be controlled by one or more of a textbased command line interface (CLI), graphical
user interface (GUI).
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Linux-3
 Most Linux distributions support dozens of
programming languages.
 The most common collection of utilities for
building both Linux applications and operating
system programs is found within the GNU
toolchain, which includes the GNU Compiler
Collection (GCC) and the GNU build system.
 Amongst others, GCC provides compilers for
Ada, C, C++, Java, and Fortran.
 The Linux kernel itself is written to be compiled
with GCC. Proprietary compilers for Linux include
the Intel C++ Compiler and IBM XL C/C++
Compiler.
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Linux-4
 Most distributions also include support for
Perl, Ruby, Python and other dynamic
languages.
 A number of Java Virtual Machines and
development kits run on Linux, including the
original Sun Microsystems JVM (HotSpot), and
IBM's J2SE RE, as well as many open-source
projects like Kaffe.
 The two main frameworks for developing
graphical applications are those of GNOME and
KDE. These projects are based on the GTK+
and Qt widget toolkits, respectively. Both
support a wide variety of languages.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Linux-5
 General
purpose use on desktops and servers,
distributions may be specialized for different
purposes including: computer architecture support,
embedded systems, stability, security, localization to
a specific region or language, targeting of specific
user groups, support for real-time applications, or
commitment to a given desktop environment.
 Furthermore, some distributions deliberately include
only free software.
 Currently, over three hundred distributions are
actively developed, with about a dozen distributions
being most popular for general-purpose use.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Linux Distributions-1




Distributions are organized into sections by the major
distribution they are based on, or the package management
system they are based around.
Debian-based: Debian is a distribution that emphasizes free
software. It is supported on many hardware platforms. Debian
and distributions based on it use the .deb package format and
the dpkg package manager.
Ubuntu-based: Ubuntu is a distribution based on Debian. Both
have different release schedules; Debian's release cycle is about
1.5 years and Ubuntu's 6 months.
Ubuntu's packages are downloaded from Debian, re-packaged
with Ubuntu version numbers and integrated to the system with
Ubuntu-specific patches as needed. Ubuntu supports about 4
computer architectures, Debian about 10. Ubuntu has two
maintenance lines (stable, in development), Debian has several
suites (stable, testing, unstable, experimental).
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Linux Distributions-2
 RPM-based: Red Hat Linux and SUSE Linux
were the original major distributions that
used the RPM file format, which is today used
in several package management systems.
 Both of these later divided into commercial
and community-supported distributions.
 Red Hat Linux divided into a communitysupported distribution sponsored by Red Hat
called Fedora, and a commercially supported
distribution called Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
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Where to get Linux
 Find the distribution you are interested in by
using the form to the left. Each distribution
has a link to a list of locations where it can be
downloaded.
 Linux books, many of which contain a free CDROM
 Vendors selling Linux on CD-ROMs
 Vendors selling computers pre-installed with
Linux
 Linux kernal source code
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Microsoft Windows-1
 Microsoft Windows is a series of software operating
systems and graphical user interfaces produced by
Microsoft.
 Microsoft first introduced an operating environment
named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to
MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in
graphical user interfaces (GUIs).
 Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's
personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which
had been introduced previously.
 At the 2004 IDC Directions conference, it was stated
that Windows had approximately 90% of the client
operating system market.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Microsoft Windows-2
 The most recent client version of Windows is Windows
Vista; the most recent server version is Windows
Server 2008.
 Microsoft has stopped releasing updates and hotfixes
for many old Windows operating systems, including all
versions of Windows 9x and earlier versions of
Windows NT.
 Windows versions prior to XP are no longer
supported, with the exception of Windows 2000.
 Windows XP versions prior to SP2 are no longer
supported either. Also, support for Windows XP 64-bit
Edition ended after the release of the more recent
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Microsoft Windows-3
 The term Windows collectively describes any or all of
several generations of Microsoft (MS) operating
system (OS) products. These products are generally
categorized as follows:
 16-bit operating environments: The early versions of
Windows were often thought of as just graphical user
interfaces, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS
and used it for file system services. However, even
the earliest 16-bit Windows versions already assumed
many typical operating system functions, notably,
having their own executable file format and providing
their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer,
mouse, keyboard and sound) for applications.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Microsoft Windows-4
 Hybrid 16/32-bit operating environments:
Windows/386 introduced a 32-bit protected
mode kernel and virtual machine monitor.
 For the duration of a Windows session, it
created one or more virtual 8086 environments
and provided device virtualization for the video
card, keyboard, mouse, timer and interrupt
controller inside each of them.
 The user-visible consequence was that it
became possible to preemptively multitask
multiple MS-DOS environments in separate
windows,
although
graphical
MS-DOS
applications required full screen mode.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Microsoft Windows-5
 32-bit operating systems: The NT family of
Windows systems was fashioned and marketed
for higher reliability business use, and was
unencumbered by any Microsoft DOS patrimony.
 The first release was MS Windows NT 3.1
(1993, numbered "3.1" to match the consumer
Windows version, which was followed by NT 3.5
(1994), NT 3.51 (1995), NT 4.0 (1996), and
Windows 2000 (2000).
 NT 4.0 was the first in this line to implement
the "Windows 95" user interface (and the first
to include Windows 95’s built-in 32-bit
runtimes).
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Microsoft Windows-6
 Microsoft then moved to combine their consumer and
business operating systems with Windows XP, coming
in both home and professional versions. Windows
Server 2003, released a year and a half after
Windows XP, brought Windows Server up to date with
MS Windows XP. After a lengthy development
process, Windows Vista was released toward the end
of 2006, and its server counterpart, Windows Server
2008 was released in early 2008.
 Windows CE, Microsoft’s offering in the mobile and
embedded markets, is also a true 32-bit operating
system that offers various services for all suboperating workstations.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Microsoft Windows-7
 64-bit operating systems: Windows NT
included
support
for
several
different
platforms before the x86-based personal
computer
became
dominant
in
the
professional world.
 Versions of NT from 3.1 to 4.0 variously
supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS
R4000, some of which were 64-bit processors,
although the operating system treated them
as 32-bit processors.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Windows NT-1
 Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced
by Microsoft, the first version of which was released in
July 1993.
 It was originally designed to be a powerful high-levellanguage-based,
processor-independent,
multiprocessing, multiuser operating system with
features comparable to Unix.
 It was intended to complement consumer versions of
Windows that were based on MS-DOS.
 NT was the first fully 32-bit version of Windows,
whereas its consumer-oriented counterparts, Windows
3.1x and Windows 9x, were 16-bit/32-bit hybrids.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Windows NT-2
 Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003,
Windows Vista, Windows Home Server, and Windows
Server 2008 are based upon the Windows NT system,
although they are not branded as Windows NT.
 A main design goal of NT was hardware and software
portability.
 Versions of NT were available for a variety of processor
architectures, namely Intel IA-32, AMD64, MIPS
R4000, Alpha, PowerPC, and Itanium.
 Broad software compatibility was achieved with
support for several API; primary Win32 API and
limited support for POSIX and OS/2 APIs.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Windows NT-3
 Partial MS-DOS compatibility was achieved via
an integrated DOS Virtual Machine.
 For secure multiuser server solutions, NT
supported per-object (file, function, and role)
access control lists allowing a rich set of
security permissions to be applied to systems
and services.
 NT supported Windows network protocols,
inheriting the previous OS/2 LAN Manager
networking,
as
well
as
Unix's
TCP/IP
networking
(for
which
Microsoft
would
implement a TCP/IP stack derived from the BSD
Unix stack).
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Windows NT-4
 Windows NT 3.1 was the first version of
Windows to utilize 32-bit "flat" virtual
memory addressing on 32-bit processors.
 Its companion product, Windows 3.1, used
segmented addressing and switches from 16bit to 32-bit addressing in pages.
 Windows NT 3.1 featured a core kernel
providing a system API, running in supervisor
mode, and a set of user-space environments
with their own APIs which included the new
Win32 environment, an OS/2 1.3 text-mode
environment and a POSIX environment.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Windows NT-5
 In Windows NT 3.x, several I/O driver
subsystems, such as video and printing, were
user-mode subsystems.
 In Windows NT 4, the video, server and
printer spooler subsystems were integrated
into the kernel.
 Windows NT's first GUI was strongly
influenced
by
(and
programmatically
compatible with) that from Windows 3.1;
Windows NT 4's interface was redesigned to
match that of the brand new Windows 95,
moving from the Program Manager to the
Start Menu/Taskbar design.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
What You Learn-1…
 An operating system is a collection of technologies
which are designed to allow the computer to
perform certain functions.
 These technologies may or may not be present in
every operating system, and there are often
differences in how they are implemented.
 However as stated above most modern operating
systems are derived from common design
ancestors, and are therefore basically similar.
 Unix is a computer operating system originally
developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees
at Bell Labs.
© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
What You Learn-2…
 Major versions of Unix include unix developed at
AT&T and University of California and other
commerical version includes SunOS, Solaris, SCO
UNIX, AIX, HP/UX, and ULTRIX.
 Linux is one of the most prominent examples of
free software and open source development;
source code can be freely modified, used, and
redistributed by anyone.
 Linux has Debian-based, Ubuntu-based and RPM
based distrubution.
 Microsoft Windows is a series of software
operating systems and graphical user interfaces
produced by Microsoft.
© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Critical Thinking Questions
o Describe operating system ?
o . Describe Linux in details.
o Describe Unix in details.
o Write a note on windows.
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Hints For Critical Thinking Question
o
An operating system is a collection of technologies
which are designed to allow the computer to
perform certain functions.
o
Principle and technology used in and
distribution of Linux operating system
different
o
Principle and technology used in and
distribution of Unix operating system
different
o
Principle and technology used in and
distribution of windows operating system
different
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School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Study Tips
www.en.wikipedia.org
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Study Tips:1
 Book1
 Title: Security Warrior
 Author: Cyrus Peikari, Anton Chuvakin
 Publisher: O'Reilly Media, Inc.
 Book2
 Title: Fundamentals of computers
 Author: V. Rajaraman
 Publisher: Prentice~Hall of India
© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Study Tips:2
 Book3
 Title: Fundamental of computers Hardware
 Author: M.S.Bhatia
 Publishers: Khanna book publishing
 Book4
 Title: Bioinformatics
 Author: C.V.Murthy.
 Publishers: Himalaya PublishingHouse, India
© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
End of the Presentation
Thank You
© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.