Transcript Proteins
The Structure of Molecules Determines the Function • Ex. Gloves have specific shape that gives them the ability to do certain things 4.C.1 – Variation In Structure Provides A Wide Range of Functions Carbon has ___ unpaired electrons so it forms ___ covalent bonds Hugh variety of shapes C compounds may form ____ Lines represent _________ Connected lines represent ______ C atoms are numbered Isomers Functional group – group of atoms attached to an organic molecule that helps determine the function of the molecule Why are functional groups important? Common Functional groups • • • • • OH CH3 SH COOH NH2 4.A.1 - Subcomponents and Their Sequence Determines Properties Macromolecules • • • • Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Carbohydrate Monomers Carbohydrates What are disaccharides? Carbohydrates: Function • Energy; stored energy - ________, ________ • Structure – __________, _____________ • Cell-to-cell communication, identification (glycoproteins, glycolipids) – Antigens/antibodies Lipids are insoluble ion water Triglycerides: Fats Triglycerides - Fats Triglycerides • Saturated • Unsaturated • No double bonds • Solids • Animal fats - grease, lard, butter • • • • Double bond(s) Liquids Plant fats (oil) Corn, peanut, olive oils Phospholipids Amphipathic?? Phospholipids Phospholipids Micelle – phospholipids spontaneously form a sphere in water Steroids - insoluble in water Steroids Arrangement of functional groups is critical Importance of Lipids • • • • • Energy (Ex.?) Padding (Ex.?) Insulation (Ex.?) Structure (Ex.?) Hormones (Ex.?) Type of Protein Function Example Structure Support Collagen, keratin, elastin Storage Store amino acids Casein – milk Transport Transport ? Hormones Signaling ? Receptor Respond to signals Nerve, muscle, senses Contractile Movement Actin, myosin Defensive Protection Antibodies Enzymes Accelerate reactions Catalase Proteins - Amino Acids Proteins – long chains of peptide bonds formed by dehydration synthesis Proteins Proteins • Four levels of protein structure: – Primary – Secondary – Tertiary – Quaternary Proteins: Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure Denaturation Nucleic Acids Central Dogma of Molecular Biology*** # 1 – Formation of Monomers From Low Energy Molecules (Miller-Urey) #2 – Formation of Polymers from Monomers • RNA nucleotides and amino acids will spontaneously polymerize when solutions of amino acids are dripped onto hot sands or clays #3 – Origin of SelfReplicating Molecules • Claim: RNA may have acted as an early catalyst for polymerization and/or molecule to store code. • Evidence: RNA (simpler than DNA) will: – Act as a catalyst for certain chemical reactions – Assemble itself (polymerization) – Replicate itself – make more code to be passed to the next generation # 4 – Formation of A Protocell Protobiont – 1st life