Transcript The Big 4 - SeanNaeger

The Big 4
Organic
Macromolecules
CH2OH
Carbohydrates:
H
HO
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
Energy molecules
2006-2007
H
OH
Carbohydrate Foods
Monosaccharides – simple sugars
CH2OH
H
HO
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
|
glucose
H
OH
|
fructose
Building carbohydrates
• Synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
|
fructose
2 sugars =
disaccharide
|
sucrose
(table sugar)
Building carbohydrates
• Synthesis
monosaccharides
|
glucose
|
glucose
many sugars =
polysaccharide
|
glucose
• can be millions of glucose long
starch
|
glucose
|
glucose
Carbohydrates
• Type:
– sugars (mono & di)
glucose
C6H12O6
– starch (poly)
• Function
– quick energy
sucrose
– energy storage
starch
Lipids
Concentrated energy molecules
Lipids in Foods: Fats & Oils
2003-2004
Lipids
• Function:
– energy storage fats & oils
• very concentrated
• twice the energy as carbohydrates!
– cushions organs fats
– insulates body fats
think whale blubber!
– cell membrane - phospholipids
Molecular Structure of Fat
not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”
fatty
acid

fatty
acid

fatty
acid

glycerol

2003-2004
Saturated fats - Fats
• Most animal fats
– solid at room
temperature
• Limit the amount in
your diet
– contributes to heart
disease
– deposits in arteries
2003-2004
Unsaturated fats - Oils
• Plant, vegetable & fish fats
– liquid at room
temperature
• the fat molecules
don’t stack tightly
together
• Better choice in your
diet
2003-2004
Saturated vs. unsaturated
saturated
unsaturated
2003-2004
Other lipids in biology
• Cell membranes are made out of lipids
– phospholipids
– heads are on the outside touching water
• “like” water
– tails are on inside away from water
• “scared” of water
– forms a barrier
between the cell
& the outside
2003-2004
Proteins:
Multipurpose molecules
2006-2007
Proteins
Food, food, and more food.
Proteins
Examples
– muscle
insulin
– fingernails, claws
– skin
– hair
– antibodies
– enzymes
– hemoglobin
• example: pepsin, catylase
– hormones
• example: insulin
– collagen (skin)
Proteins
• Sub Unit / Monomer = amino acids
amino
amino amino amino amino
acid – acid – acid – acid – acid
20 different
 amino acids
 Each one has
 a different
 R group.

Amino acid chains
• Proteins
– amino acids chained into a polymer
 Each amino acid is different

some “like” water & dissolve in it

some “fear” water & separate from it
Water-fearing amino acids
 Hydrophobic
“water fearing” amino acids
 try to get away from water in cell

 the protein folds
Water-loving amino acids
 Hydrophillic
“water loving” amino acids
 try to stay in water in cell

 the protein folds
3-D protein structure
• Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape
hemoglobin
growth
hormone
pepsin
collagen
Its shape that matters!
• Proteins do their jobs, because
of their shape
• Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
– wrong shape = can’t do its job
– unfolding proteins = “denature”
• temperature
• pH (acidity)
folded
Glossary
Word!
unfolded
“denatured”
Nucleic acids:
Information molecules
2006-2007
Nucleic Acids
Names & Functions
– ATP
• energy currency
– DNA
• Information
Storage
– RNA
• Helps build
proteins
RNA
Genes (DNA)
are needed
to run bodies every day…
to make you and me…
to make new cells…
to make babies!
G
T
A
A
C
G
T
C
G
A
T
C
A
Nucleic acids
• Building block = nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
 5 different nucleotides


Nitrogen bases
I’m the
A,T,C,G or U
part!
different nitrogen bases
A, T, C, G, U
sugar
phosphate
N base
Nucleotide chains
• Nucleic acids
– nucleotides chained
into a polymer
sugar
N base
phosphate
strong bonds
sugar
N base
sugar
N base
phosphate
phosphate
RNA
N base
phosphate
oDNA
• deoxiribose sugar • double helix
• double-sided
• A, C, G, T
oRNA
• single-sided
• A, C, G, U
sugar
ATP
• Energy currency of cells
• Transfers energy within a cell
• Like (little bombs)
• Modified nucleotide
DiMonoTriO––
ADP
AMP
ATP
O––
O– O–
O–
––O P
––O––P
–O––P–
O PO– –O–P
O–
O
O
O O
O