Transcript Chemistry & Biochemistry

Chemistry &
Biochemistry
Terminology
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Matter – Anything that takes up space & has
mass.
Mass – Quantity of matter
Weight – The pull of gravity on the mass of an
object.
Elements – Pure substances that cannot be
broken down chemically into simpler kinds of
matter.
Atom – Smallest unit of matter.
Terminology, continued….
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Subatomic particles.
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Electron
Neutron
Proton
Compound: Two or more
elements chemically
combined.
Bonds
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Covalent – shares electrons
Ionic – based on electrical
attraction
Qualities of a Compound
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They are all made of 2 or more elements.
They are chemically bonded.
They have a definite ratio.
More terms…
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Atomic number: The number of protons
Mass number: Number of proton &
neutrons.
Periodic Table
Mixtures
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Combined substances that DO retain their
original properties.
Three types:
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Solution: Made of solute & solvent; do not come
out of solution.
Suspension: Settle out over time
Colloid: Two states
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Sol state - liquid
Gel state - gel
Acids & Bases
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Acidity:
Measurement of the
amount of hydrogen
ions.
Alkalinity:
Measurement of the
amount of
hydroxide ions.
Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds
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Organic - generally derived from living
things and contain carbon.
Inorganic – generally derived from nonliving things.
FOUR MAJOR GROUPS
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Water
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Properties of Water
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Cohesion – Attraction between like molecules.
Adhesion – Attraction of water molecules to the
molecules of a solid surface.
Water is polar (unevenly charged)
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Oxygen has a slight negative charge.
Hydrogen has a slight positive charge.
Polymers vs. Monomers
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Polymers: compounds consisting of
repeating linked units.
Monomers: Simple molecules composing
each unit of a polymer.
Macromolecule: A large polymer
Dehydration synthesis
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Condensation
Reaction
Monomers link to
form a polymer;
water is removed.
Hydrolysis
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A polymer
splits to form
two monomers
when water is
added
Carbohydrates
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C, H, O (2 hydrogen atoms to 1 oxygen)
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Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
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Disaccharides (double sugars)
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Fructose, glucose, galactose
Lactose, sucrose, maltose
Polysaccharides (complex sugars)
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Starch, cellulose, glycogen (animal starch)
Sugars
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Glucose, fructose, & galactose – C6H12O6
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Isomers – same molecular formula, but different
properties.
Sucrose, lactose, & maltose – C12H22O11
HOW CAN THIS BE??
Functional Groups
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Clusters of atoms that influence the
properties of the molecule.
Types
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Hydroxyl –OH (alcohols)
Amino group – NH2
Sulfhydryl group – SH
Phosphate group – H3PO4
Carboxyl group - COOH
Lipids
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Function:
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Barrier between aqueous environments inside &
outside the cell.
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Energy storage
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Fats
Protective Coverings
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Cell Membrane
Waxes
Insulation
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Fats
Lipids, continued….
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Fatty Acids: Monomers
that make up most lipids.
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Composed of a long, straight
hydrocarbon chain with a
carboxyl group
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Carboxyl group: Hydrophilic,
“water loving”
Hydrocarbon chain:
Hydrophobic, “water fearing”
Types of Lipids
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Triglycerides
 Fats – Solid at room
temperature
 Oil – Liquid at room
temperature
Waxes
Steroids
 Cholesterol is an example
 Doesn’t contain fatty acids
Proteins
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Account for more than 50% of the dry weight of
the cell
Structural support
Storage
Transport
Signaling
Movement
Defense
Increase the speed of chemical reactions.
Proteins, continued….
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Amino Acids –
monomers of
proteins
Amino acids are
always in this form
Types of Proteins
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Dipeptides: Two amino acids bonded
together.
Polypeptides: A long chain of amino acids
Enzymes: Proteins that act as catalysts in
intermediary metabolism
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Catalyst: Substances that speed up chemical
reactions without being affected by the reactions
themselves.
Nucleic Acids
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Complex organic compounds that store
important information in the cell.
Nucleotides – monomers of nucleic acids
Types of Nucleic Acids
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DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
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Stores information important for all cell activities
Sugar: deoxyribose
RNA: ribonucleic acid
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Transfers information essential for making
proteins
Sugar: ribose
Chart provided…
Polymer
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Monomer(s)
Monosaccharides
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
Nucleotides
Elements
Present
C,H,O
C,H,O,P
C,H,O,N
C,H,O,N,P
1ST
Function
Energy
Protection
Structure
Contain
hereditary
information
2nd
Function
Structure
Energy,
Insulation
Speed up
chemical
rxtn.
Transfer info.
for protien
synthesis
Examples
Glucose,
sucrose,
starch, etc.
Fats, oils,
waxes,
steroids
Dipeptide,
polypeptide,
enzymes
DNA, RNA