Transcript ap-euro overview-1450 1650

A New Beginning
Medieval to Modern:
Foundations of Modern European History
1400-1648
• Individualism and Humanism slowly replace
Theism
• Protestant power slowly replaces Catholic power
• Observation and Experience slowly replace Faith
• Secular power slowly replaces Papacy
• Nation States slowly replace city states and
feudalism
• Merchant trade slowly replaces Agriculture
• Education slowly replaces Ignorance
• Freedom slowly replaces Feudal serfdom
Background
• Renaissance - People Changing their World
instead of just accepting it as it is
– Beginning Nation States (list them)
– Beginning Modern Thinking (Individualism,
Humanism, Scientific Investigation)
– Merchants gain freedom and slowly build a
middle class outside of the typical 3 Estates
(peasants, nobility, clergy)
– Beginning of the End of the Pope’s power
Differences
• Middle Ages
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Church Power
Pope rules
Little travel
Communities matter
Learn and Accept it
Geocentric
Catholic and united
City states
Feudalism
3 Estates
No perspective
Heredity and position matter
Renaissance
Nation Power
King Rules
Lots of travel
Individuals matter
Learn and Question it
Heliocentric
Protestants divide
Nation states
Capitalism
3 Estates plus merchant class
Perspective in art
Money matters
Nations gain Power
As Church loses it
• Nations begin fighting each other for power
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Italian Penisula Wars lead to the
Habsburg-Valois Wars (paper or plastic?)
Peasants Wars because of Reformation lead to the
Religious and Civil Wars
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France and War of 3 Henris
Dutch and Spanish Conflicts
Spain vs. England - Spanish Armada
All culminate in the
– 30 Years War 1618- 1648 which ends religious warfare
and sets the political stage for political conflicts of the
next 300 years
Individuals gain Influence
As Freedom Grows
• The Kings, Nobles and Churchmen were so busy
fighting that few noticed the individuals around
them were gaining tremendous confidence in
themselves and doubting the abilities of the
powerful to rule
• The Church lost its ultimate authority when the
Protestants split the Catholic church and Luther
said “each person is a priest”
• Printing press let people talk to each other and
helped individuals be heard over the king & Pope
• Colleges created to better educate the clergy also
educate the sons of new rich merchants
All of the Above allow two
Generally Persecuted Groups to Gain Influence:
Artists and Intellectuals
Inspire Change in the World
• Renaissance and Baroque Artists led the
drive for scientific observation as they tried
to paint and sculpt accurately
• Writers and thinkers pursue a new
philosophy based on freedom for
individuals and importance of people
• List some artists and intellectuals of the
Renaissance
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Artistic and Philosophic
Investigations Create the
Scientific Revolution
Copernicus says the stars and planets matter
Brahe charted them
Kepler explained their motion scientifically
Galileo made it all practical plus gravity
Newton explained all motion
Francis Bacon (inductive/empirical) and
Rene Descartes (deductive) give us new
ways of thinking about thinking
Dominant Question
of the Renaissance
• What Religion are You?
– Catholics and Protestants Divide Western Christianity
Catholic
Lutherans
Calvinists
Pope
Martin Luther
John Calvin
Puritans
Presbyterians
Hugeunots
Spain
Germany
Geneva
Italy
Scandinavia
France
S. America
England
Netherlands
Paul III
Prot Princes
William of Orange
Loyola
Gustov Adolphus Cromwell
Philip II
German Peasants New Model Army
Jesuits
Mary I
Catherine Medici
Anglicans
King Henry VIII
Church of England
England
Charles I
The Answer is…
• The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 settled the
Religious Question.
By 1648, Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists
and Anglicans are all ok
• But, who will control all this diversity?
• The Next Big Question was…
Religious Big Ideas
Catholicism lost its hold on Europe because of corruption and
dissention within the church as well as greed for political power
Luther was successful because he tapped into ideas already being
considered around Europe, the printing press, the political protection
offered by the Protestant Princes in Germany
Calvin organized and structured Protestantism
Catholics and Calvinists tried to spread so they caused most of the wars
Religion was often used as an excuse to take political power
(Henry VIII, French kings and German princes)
Religious leaders knew that by conquering territory they could change
the local religion and so they supported many wars
(Spain in New World, Calvinists in Netherlands and New England)
Some religious freedom led people to also want political, economic and
social freedoms (Reformation led to peasant revolts)
Some Political Must Know Dates
• Constantinople defeated by Ottoman Empire – 1453
– Well educated people move back West
• Creation of Nation States
– France- 1461 Spain – 1469, England 1485, Russia -1462
• Sackings of Florence and Rome – 1496, 1526
• Diet of Worms – 1521
– Martin Luther and Lutheranism survive
• Peace of Augsburg – 1555
– Accepts Luthanism as legitimate in Europe
• Spanish Armada Defeated – 1588
– Beginning of Spanish decline and English rise
– Preserves Dutch Independence and makes them Top Country
• Henri IV ends French Civil Wars 1589
– Edict of Nantes allows Hugeunots to co-exist in France
• Peace of Westphalia – 1648
– Calvinism accepted; new nations added
• Cromwell beheads Charles I – 1649
Italian
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Renaissance:15
Century
• Trade routes from middle east go through Italian
city states, especially Venice
• Florentine bankers (Medici) bring the financial
power to Florence and fund art/learning
• European Cultural and Social Influence centered
in Florence
• European Religious and Political power centered
in Rome under the Pope
Spanish Dominate
th
16
Century
• Hapsburgs gain control of central Italy in
Hapsburgs-Valois War
• Several Spanish Popes and Cardinals take the
power of the papacy – Julius II and Leo X and
other Borgia family popes
• Spanish explorers gain gold and land in South
America and become richest country in the world
• Spanish Hapsburg family also elected HRE in
1515 so they also control central Europe
• Ends under Philip II
– Costly wars end in defeat (Spanish Armada)
– Loses Netherlands to Calvinist Independent Dutch
– Gold wasn’t being found in as large of amounts
Dutch:
Constitutionalist & Capitalist First
• 1610 – 1660 or so is the Dutch “1/2
Century”
• First to become merchant nation
• First to have an active Parliament
• First to have use corporations
• Best bankers and insurance systems so they
gathered in money and used it for capital
French and English
fight to Dominate 18th Century
• English 2nd to be Constitutionalist and Capitalist
because of the Civil War led by Oliver Cromwell
• French perfect Absolutism under Louis XIV and
Colbert’s Mercantilism
• The Rivalry begins with Restoration of Charles II
in 1660 and ends with the French and Indian War
of 1756 (English win)
Top Countries
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15th Century – Italy
16th Century – Spain
17th Century – Dutch; French
18th Century – French and English
19th Century – English
20th Century – United States
21st Century - ???