Transcript Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry
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Organic Compound-a compound that
contains carbon and is found in living
things
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Examples are: Carbohydrates, Proteins,
Lipids and Nucleic Acids
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Characteristics of Carbon
Carbon atoms have 4 electrons in their
outer energy level and can form 4 covalent
bonds.
 Carbon atoms can bond with carbon atoms.
 Carbon atoms can also bond with other
types of atoms.
 Carbon compounds can have many
different structures such as single chains,
branched chains and ring structures.
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Functional Group-a cluster of atoms that
can influence the
characteristics/behavior of a larger
organic molecule
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Examples: Methyl, Hydroxyl, Amino,
Carboxyl, Phosphate, Sulfhydryl, Ester,
Ketone, Aldehyde
Monomer-a single molecular unit
 Polymer-a chain of monomers that are
bonded together
 Macromolecule-a chain of polymers
bonded together to form a very large
molecule
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Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic
Acids are Macromolecules
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Condensation Reaction
the reaction that takes place to bond
monomers together and build polymers and
macromolecules
 during this process water is released
 also known as dehydration synthesis
reaction
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Hydrolysis
the reaction that takes place to break
polymers and macromolecules apart
 during this process water is used to break
bonds
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Carbohydrates
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Elements Found In Carbohydrates:
C, H, O
Monomers/Building Blocks/Subunits of
Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)
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Examples of Carbohydrates
 Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)
 Glucose-blood sugar
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Fructose-fruit sugar
Galactose
Disaccharides (Double Unit Sugars)
 Sucrose-table sugar
(Glucose + Fructose)
 Lactose-milk sugar
(Glucose + Galactose)
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Polysaccharides (Complex Carbohydrates)
 Starch-storage macromolecule made of
repeating units of glucose in plants
 Glycogen-storage macromolecule made of
repeating units of glucose in animals
 Cellulose-macromolecule that adds
structure to the cell walls of plant cells; is
not fully digestible by humans
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Important Facts about Carbohydrates:
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Carbohydrates function in energy storage.
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) provide
“quick energy”.
Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates)
provide sustained energy.
Benedicts Solution-an indicator of
monosaccharides; turns yellow/gold
Lugol’s Iodine Solution-an indicator of starch;
turns black
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Proteins
Elements Found In Proteins:
C, H, O, N
 Monomers/Building Blocks/Subunits of
Proteins:
Amino Acids
There are 20 different amino acids that are
essential to living things.
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H
H
N
H
C
R
O
C
O
H
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Examples of Proteins:
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Hemoglobin-protein in red blood cells that
carries oxygen in the blood
Myoglobin-protein that carries oxygen in
muscle tissue
Keratin-structural protein that makes up hair,
nails, horns and hooves
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Collagen-structural protein that maintains
elasticity of skin
Actin/Myosin-structural proteins that make up
muscle fibers
Insulin-protein hormone that stimulates cells to
absorb glucose (blood sugar)
Enzymes-proteins that act as biological
catalysts to lower activation energy so that
chemical reactions occur more quickly
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Important Facts about Enzymes:
Enzymes are specific.
 They have a specific structure/shape.
 They can only fit together with a specific
substrate.
 This is called the lock and key model or
induced fit theory.
 Enzymes are reusable.
 They are not destroyed in the reactions they
catalyze.
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Enzymes are sensitive to their environment.
 Enzymes will denature (change shape and
become nonfunctional) when their
environment changes drastically.
 Changes in pH or temperature can cause an
enzyme to denature.
 Enzyme names often end in –ase.
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Important Facts about Proteins:
Proteins function mainly as structural
components and enzymes.
 Amino acids are held together in a protein by
peptide bonds.
 Biuret Reagent-an indicator of proteins; turns
purple
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Lipids (Fats)
Elements Found In Lipids:
C, H, O
 Monomers/Building Blocks/Subunits of
Lipids:
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
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Examples of Lipids:
Phospholipids-are the main components of the
cell membrane in all cells; structure includes a
phosphate group and 2 fatty acids
 Triglycerides-the lipids that are most commonly
found in foods and manufactured by our bodies;
structure includes glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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Steroid hormones-chemical messengers that
serve various functions in a living thing
 estrogen-the human female sex hormone
 testosterone-the human male sex hormone
 cortisol-the hormone that is released in
response to prolonged stress and
inflammation
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Waxes-molecules that typically protect and/or
prevent water loss
 Earwax-protects the inner ear by trapping
germs
 Cutin-wax layer on the leaves of plants that
holds water in
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Important Facts about Lipids:
Lipids function as long term energy storage,
insulation and protection.
 Saturated fats have no carbon to carbon double
bonds. They are solid at room temperature.
 Unsaturated fats have at least one carbon to
carbon double bond. They are liquid at room
temperature.
 Brown paper test-an indicator of lipids; lipids
produce a translucent (greasy) spot on brown
paper that does not disappear
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Nucleic Acids
Elements Found In Nucleic Acids:
C, H, O, N, P
 Monomers/Building Blocks/Subunits of
Nucleic Acids:
Nucleotides
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Examples of Nucleic Acids:
DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid-the molecule that
stores hereditary information in all cells
 RNA-ribonucleic acid-the molecule that is
involved in protein synthesis in all cells
 ATP-adenosine triphosphate-the cellular energy
molecule in all cells
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