Transcript BIOMOLECULES - Chicagoland Jewish High School

BIOMOLECULESBuilding BLOCKS OF ORGANISMS
Carbon Compounds in
Cells
Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds consists of
carbon and one or more
additional elements covalently
bonded to one another
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Biomolecules
• Those molecules that make up
living things
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Importance of Carbon
• Carbon has the ability to covalently bond to
at as many of four other atoms.
• Carbon has the ability to rotate freely
around a single covalent bond
• As a result carbon has the ability to form
many varied structures
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Hydrocarbons
• Organic compounds that
contain carbon and hydrogen
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Functional Groups
• Atoms or groups of atoms that
are attached to carbon
backbones, that convey distinct
properties, such as solubility
and chemical reactivity.
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3 Types of functional groups
1. Hydroxyl group
- OH
2. Carboxyl group
- COOH
3. Amines
- NH2
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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
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How Cells Use Organic
Compounds
1. Biosynthesis
Reactions - two molecules
are joined together to form a larger
molecule. Dehydration synthesis
2. Hydrolysis - a molecule is broken
down into two smaller molecules as a
result of the addition of water
3. Enzymes - a special class of proteins
that speed and initiate all chemical
reactions in cells
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Important Biological
Compounds
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Vitamins
Minerals
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Carbohydrates
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen
• In a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O
• Functional groups present include
Hydroxyl groups
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Function of Carbohydrates in
Cells
1.The breakdown of carbohydrates in our cells
are the major source of energy for the cell.
2.Major structural component of plant cells
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Classification of Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are classified
according to the number of sugar
molecules that make them up
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3 Types of Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
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Monosaccharides
• Carbohydrates`that consist of only a single sugar
unit
• include glucose, fructose, galactose
• These monosaccharides serve as the building
blocks for much larger carbohydrates.
• Glucose is the major source of cellular energy in
cells
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Disaccharides
• Composed of 2 monosaccharides
• cells can make disaccharides by joining two
monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis.
• Ex. Glucose + fructose = sucrose
• Glucose + galactose = lactose
• Energy in 8 hrs-hydrolysis
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HYDROLYSIS
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Polysaccharides
• Composed of 3 or more
monosaccharides
• made by way of biosynthesis of
cells
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Polysaccharides
• 1. Starch - hundreds of thousands of glucose
molecules
• made by plants to store energy for future use
• easily hydrolized into individual glucose
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Polysaccharides
• 2.
Cellulose - form cell walls in plant cells
• - also called fiber or ruffage
• - indigestible by humans
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Types of Polysaccharides
• 3. Glycogen - made in animal cells
• - made for the purpose of short term energy
storage
• stored in liver and muscles
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Types of Polysaccharides
• 4. Chitin
• - a specialized polysaccharide that has
nitrogen attached to it
• - forms exoskeleton of arthropods
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Lipids
• Lipids are nonpolar and
do not dissolve in water
• composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
• contain the carboxyl
functional group
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Key Components of Lipids
• Fatty acids are key components of many lipids
• unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room
temperature - carbon chains have double
bonds
• saturated fatty acids are solid at room
temperature and carbon chains contain only
single bonds
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Function of Lipids
1.Storage of energy in animals
• animal cells will convert excess carbohydrates into
lipids to be stored for later use
2. Key component in cell membranes-phospholipid
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Function of Lipids
3. Cushion for delicate organs
4. Carriers for vitamins A, D, E, K
5. Serve as the raw materials for the
production of hormones
6. Insulation against the cold
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Types of Lipids
1.Triglycerides
• formed by the union of 3 fatty acids and an
alcohol called glycerol
• those composed of saturated fatty acids are
called fats and are made in plants
• those that are composed of unsaturated fatty
acids are called oils and are found in oils
• excess carbohydrates in the body are
converted to triglycerides until the energy is
needed.
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Types of Lipids
2.Phospholipids
• composed of glycerol
and fatty acids as well
as phosphate groups
• are a major component of
cell membranes
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Types of Lipids
• 5. Waxes
• composed of very long chains of fatty acids
• serve as waterproof coating for plant leaves,
animal fur, and feathers
• 4. Sterols
• serve as building blocks for hormones
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Proteins
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
and nitrogen
• contain the carboxyl group and the amine
group
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Key Components of Proteins
• Proteins are composed of smaller units
called amino acids
• there are 20 different types of amino acids
• the average protein is about 200 A.A. long
• A.A acids can combine in millions of
different ways to form millions of proteins
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Function of Proteins
• Serve as the raw materials for the building
of new cells and tissues
• Help in disease fighting-antigens
• Serve as transport agents in the bodyhemoglobin
• Help to speed and initiate chemical
reactions (enzymes)
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Protein Shape and Function
• Every protein made by the cell has its own
distinctive shape
• it is the shape of the protein that helps to
determine its function
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PRIMARY PROTEINS
SECONDARY PROTEIN
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TERTIARY PROTEIN
• ENZYMES
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QUATERNARY PROTEIN
• HEMOGLOBIN
• CHLOROPHYLL
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Enzymes - Special Proteins
• All reactions that take place in our cells are
initiated and sped up as a result of a
SPECIFIC enzyme.
• All reactions require enzymes or they will
not occur or occur much to slowly
• Enzymes are catalysts (see glossary)
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Enzyme’s effects on Activation Energy
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Enzymes and Environment
• High temperatures or changes in pH can
cause an enzyme to lose its normal 3-D
shape ( denaturation )
• this denaturation causes the enzyme to lose
its normal functioning
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Nucleic Acids
• Composed of building blocks called
nucleotides
• 2 main types
– deoxyribonucleic acid (D.N.A)
– ribonucleic acid ( R.N.A)
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