Transcript BIOMOLECULES

BIOMOLECULES
Carbon Compounds in
Cells
Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds consists of
carbon and one or more
additional elements covalently
bonded to one another
Biomolecules
• Those molecules that make up
living things
Importance of Carbon
• Carbon has the ability to covalently bond to
at as many of four other atoms.
• Carbon has the ability to rotate freely
around a single covalent bond
• As a result carbon has the ability to form
many varied structures
Hydrocarbons
• Organic compounds that
contain carbon and hydrogen
Functional Groups
• Atoms or groups of atoms that
are attached to carbon
backbones, that convey distinct
properties, such as solubility
and chemical reactivity.
3 Types of functional groups
1. Hydroxyl group
- OH
2. Carboxyl group
- COOH
3. Amines
- NH2
How Cells Use Organic
Compounds
1. Biosynthesis
Reactions - two molecules
are joined together to form a larger
molecule.
2. Hydrolysis - a molecule is broken
down into two smaller molecules as a
result of the addition of water
3. Enzymes - a special class of proteins
that speed and initiate all chemical
reactions in cells
Important Biological
Compounds
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Vitamins
Minerals
Carbohydrates
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen
• Functional groups present
include Hydroxyl groups
• See pg. 53
Function of Carbohydrates in
Cells
1.The breakdown of carbohydrates in our cells
are the major source of energy for the cell.
This energy can then be used by the cell for a
variety of different processes
2.Major structural component of plant cells
Classification of Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are classified
according to the number of sugar
molecules that make them up
3 Types of Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
• Carbohydrates`that consist of only a single sugar
unit
• include glucose, fructose, galactose (pg 53)
• These monosaccharides serve as the building
blocks for much larger carbohydrates.
• Glucose is the major source of cellular energy in
cells
Disaccharides
• Composed of 2 monosaccharides
• cells can make disaccharides by joining two
monosaccharides by biosynthesis.
• Ex. Glucose + fructose = sucrose
Glucose + galactose = lactose
See page 54
Polysaccharides
• Composed of 3 or more
monosaccharides
• made by way of biosynthesis of
cells
Types of Polysaccharides
1. Starch -
composed of hundred of
thousands of glucose
molecules
- made by plants to store
energy for future use
- easily hydrolized into
individual glucose
Types of Polysaccharides
2.Cellulose - form cell walls in plant cells
- also called fiber or ruffage
- indigestible by humans
Types of Polysaccharides
3.Glycogen - made in animal cells
- made for the purpose of short
term energy storage
- stored in liver and muscles
Types of Polysaccharides
4.Chitin - a specialized polysaccharide that
has nitrogen attached to it
- forms exoskeleton of arthropods
Lipids
• Lipids are nonpolar and do not dissolve in
water
• composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• contain the carboxyl functional group
Function of Lipids
1.Storage of energy in animals
• animal cells will convert excess
carbohydrates into lipids to be stored for
later use
2. Key component in cell membranes
Function of Lipids
3.Cushion for delicate organs
4.Carriers for vitamins A, D, E, K
5. Serve as the raw materials for the
production of hormones
6.Insulation against the cold
Key Components of Lipids
• Fatty acids are key components of many
lipids
• unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room
temperature composed of double bonds
• saturated fatty acids are solid at room
temperature and contain only single bonds
Types of Lipids
1.Triglycerides
• formed by the union of 3 fatty acids and an
alcohol called glycerol
• those composed of saturated fatty acids are
called fats and are made in plants
• those that are composed of unsaturated fatty
acids are called oils and are found in oils
• excess carbohydrates in the body are
converted to triglycerides until the energy is
needed.
Types of Lipids
2.Phospholipids
• composed of glycerol
and fatty acids as well
as phosphate groups
• are a major component
of cell membranes
Types of Lipids
3.Waxes
• composed of very long chains of fatty acids
• serve as waterproof coating for plant leaves,
animal fur, and feathers
Types of Lipids
4.Sterols
• serve as building blocks for hormones
Proteins
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
and nitrogen
• contain the carboxyl group and the amine
group
Function of Proteins
• Serve as the raw materials for the building
of new cells and tissues
• Help in disease fighting
• Serve as transport agents in the body
• Help to speed and initiate chemical
reactions (enzymes)
Key Components of Proteins
• Proteins are composed of smaller units
called amino acids
• there are 20 different types of amino acids
• the average protein is about 200 A.A. long
• A.A acids can combine in millions of
different ways to form millions of proteins
Protein Shape and Function
• Every protein made by the cell has its own
distinctive shape
• it is the shape of the protein that helps to
determine its function
Enzymes - Special Proteins
• All reactions that take place in our cells are
initiated and sped up as a result of a
SPECIFIC enzyme.
• All reactions require enzymes or they will
not occur or occur much to slowly
• Enzymes are catalysts (see glossary)
Enzyme’s effects on Activation Energy
Enzymes and Environment
• High temperatures or changes in pH can
cause an enzyme to lose its normal 3-D
shape ( denaturation )
• this denaturation causes the enzyme to lose
its normal functioning
Nucleic Acids
• Composed of building blocks called
nucleotides
• 2 main types
– deoxyribonucleic acid (D.N.A)
– ribonucleic acid ( R.N.A)
Minerals
• See pg. 642
Vitamins
• See page 642