Transcript Ch. 2 – Bio Chem

Unit #2 –
Biological Molecules:
What are the building blocks of life?
 On the following
slides, the yellow
sections are the
main points;
summarize the
slides in your
notebooks.
Underlined
words =
vocabulary!
K
• List the things
you know about
the 4
biomolecules:
•
•
•
•
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins and
Nucleic Acids
W
• Review the
difference
between
inorganic and
organic
molecules.
• The meaning of
monomer and
polymer.
• The structure
and function of
the 4
biomolecules.
• Role of enzymes
in cells and the
body.
L
Levels of Molecular
Organization
Atom
Element
Molecule
(2+ atoms)
Compound
(2+ elements)
Cell
(Both organic & inorganic compounds)
Types of Compounds
Txbk Ref pg. 157-158
 Organic compounds - contain the element carbon (C)
and are found in living things; with four valence
electrons, carbon atoms can bond with numerous other
atoms to create complex compounds.
 Inorganic compounds without carbon and are associated
with non-living things.
http://biobook.nerinxhs.org/bb/cells/biochemistry/1000px-Carbone_lewis.svg.png
Examples of
Inorganic Molecules
CO2
water
most important inorganic
compound in living things
most cellular processes take
place in water solutions
http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/images/molecul2.gif
excellent solvent
(many substances dissolve in
water)
Monomers vs. Polymers
Txbk Ref pg. 158
 The biomolecules found in living things are composed of
hundreds of atoms, sometimes more (AKA
macromolecules).
 Cells create these by joining smaller molecules in to
chains called polymers. [Greek polys = many, meros =
part]
 A polymer is a large molecule composed of identical
subunits called monomers.
http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/senior_science/options/polymers/2973/images/Fig_9513.jpg
Organic Molecules
lipids
proteins
nucleic
acids
carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Txbk Ref pg. 158-159
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
in the ratio 1:2:1 (C:H:O)
 are made by plants (autotrophs)
 are the body’s primary source of energy
 are made of monomers called
monosaccharides (meaning “1” + “sugar”).
 Two basic forms:
 Monosaccharides
 Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates Cont.
 Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily
identified by their sweet taste.
 Glucose is a monosaccharide [C6H12O6].
 Other monosaccharides:
galactose (milk sugar) and fructose (fruit sugar)
 Note the ring shape of the molecule.
Carbohydrates Cont.
 Polysaccharides are complex
carbohydrates made of long
chains of monosaccharides.
 Starches (found in roots
[potatoes] and other tissues in
plants)
 Cellulose (found in plant cell
walls)
 Glycogen (found in the liver
and muscles of animals)
 Sucrose (table sugar) is an
example of a sugar with only
two monosaccharides, a
disaccharide.
http://www.neocate.com/images/uploads/from_wordpress/Carbs-Pic.bmp
Carbohydrates Review
 Remember that monomers make up polymers.
 What is the monomer (or subunit) for complex
carbohydrates?
 Observe the diagram and turn and talk to your
neighbor to answer the question.
http://www.goldiesroom.org/Multimedia/Bio_Images/04%20Biochemistry/12%20Structure%20of
%20Glucose.jpg
Lipids
Txbk Ref pg. 160
 Chemically diverse organic compounds; contain C, H,
O atoms
 Found within the cell membrane; used for long-term
energy storage
 Classified as hydrophobic (insoluble in water)
Insoluble in water
 Two basic forms:
 Unsaturated
 liquid at room temperature
 w/ double bonds
 Saturated
 solid at room temp, unhealthy
 EX fats, waxes, also steroids (serve as chemical
messengers)
Lipids Cont.
Made up of:
glycerol + fatty acids chains
H
H C O
Note the
molecular
structure
“E” shape
O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H
H H H H H H
O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
C O
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H
H H H H H H
O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H C O
H
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H
H H H H H H
http://thescienceofeating.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Book-Fats-Butter-Oils-2.jpg
Lipids Review
 The fatty acid chain of the lipids is often
referred to as a hydrocarbon chain.
Why?
 Observe the diagram and turn and talk to
your neighbor to answer the question.
Proteins
Txbk Ref pg. 160-163
 Very complex organic compounds made up of linked
 fight disease
 transport substances
http://www.mcqbiology.com/2012/11/mcq-on-biochemistry-proteins.html
amino acids (monomer); contain C, O, H, N and
usually S atoms
 AKA polypeptide
 Needed for essential life activities in the body
Proteins Cont.
 An enzyme is a protein which functions to increase
rates in chemical reactions.
 Proteins are found in muscles, hair, cartilage, nails.
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/art/bio_enzyme1.gif
Proteins Cont.
a carboxyl
group
are made up of:
an amino group
and an “R” group which
varies in the different
amino acids
http://www.whitetigernaturalmedicine.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/02/amino-acid-structure.jpg
http://media.coreperformance.com/images/411*308/knowledge-protein1.jpg
Proteins Review
 There are 20 naturally-occurring amino acids,
and each one only varies in the structure of
the R side chain.
 Two amino acids are shown in the diagram.
What are the R side chains in each?
 Talk to your neighbor to answer the question.
Nucleic Acids
Txbk Ref pg. 163
 Large, linear
macromolecules made
of linked nucleotides
(monomer); contain H,
O, C, N, and P atoms.
 Store genetic
information in living
things
 Helps carry
instructions for
building proteins
 EX DNA and RNA
http://knowgenetics.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Bio-1-e1354321656394.png
Nucleic Acids Cont.
 Nucleotides contain:
 A sugar
 A phosphate
 A nitrogenous base, of which there are four:




Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Chemical Reactions
Txbk Ref pg. 147-148
 A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set
of chemicals into another set the breaking of chemical
bonds and recombination of atoms in to different
substances.
Reactants are
the items that
you begin with
(the left of the arrow).
Products are
the items up
end up with
(the right of the arrow).
 When you eat a burger, your body has to process and
change the carbohydrates and other molecules into
parts the body can use.
Enzymes
Txbk Ref pg. 161-163, 918-921
http://www.austincc.edu/apreview/NursingPics/DigestivePics/Picture31.jpg
 An enzyme [typically ending
in –ASE] is a protein that
acts as a biological catalyst.
They work in cells to speed
up chemical reactions.
 The enzyme attaches to a
specific substrate and react
to produce products.
Examine the graphic to the right which
shows the digestion of proteins in the
intestine. Specific enzymes work to
break the peptide bonds between
amino acids and then free amino acids
can enter the blood stream.
Enzymes Cont.
 Factors that can affect enzymes are:
 Temperature
 pH
 Concentration
The Lock & Key Model
Txbk Ref Figure 6.23 pg. 162
 Specific enzymes will only work on specific substrates;
enzymes attach at the “active site” that matches the
substrate .
 EX
 Salivary amylase attaches to starch
 Maltase attaches to the sugar maltose
 Pepsin attaches to proteins
http://stezlab1.unl.edu/reu1999/dputn226/ChemHelp/RET_Web_Pages/Enzymes/lock_key1.gif
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/enzyme5.gif
Video
K
• List the things
you know about
the 4
biomolecules:
•
•
•
•
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins and
Nucleic Acids
W
• Review the
difference
between
inorganic and
organic
molecules.
• The meaning of
monomer and
polymer.
• The structure
and function of
the 4
biomolecules.
• Role of enzymes
in cells and the
body.
L
• List the things
you have learned
during this unit.