Transcript Biochemistry PowerPoint 1

Unit #1
The Chemistry of Life
Organic
Chemistry
Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds are
compounds that contain
carbon (with the exception
of CO2 and a few others).
Organic Compounds
• Make up most of living organisms
• Carbon can easily bond with up to 4
other elements
4 valence electrons =
4 covalent bonds
Organic Compounds
• Carbon atoms form the “backbone”
of long chains or rings
• Organic molecules can be extremely
large and complex; these are called
macromolecules (or polymers)
Functional Groups
• Various elements attach to the hydrocarbon
backbone to form different types of
compounds.
• These reactive clusters of atoms are called
functional groups.
• Elements include: H, O, S & P
Functional Groups
Hydroxyl group
• -OH
• Found in alcohols
• E.g. Ethanol
• Polar
Functional Groups
Carboxyl group
• -COOH
• Found in acids
• E.g. Vinegar
• Polar
Functional Groups
Amino group
• -NH2
• Found in bases
• E.g. Ammonia
Functional Groups
Sulfhydryl group
• -SH
• Found in Rubber
Functional Groups
Phosphate group
• -PO4
• Found in ATP
Functional Groups
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
• What functional groups are in this molecule?
Test Your Knowledge…
• Name the functional groups
Test Your Knowledge…
• Name the functional groups
Amino group
Carbonyl group
(Ketone)
Carboxyl group
Sulfhydryl group
Organic Compounds
The 4 main types of organic macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Making & Breaking Organic Compounds
Anabolic Reactions
Condensation Reactions (Dehydration synthesis Reaction)
• The removal of a –H from the functional group of one
unit and a –OH from another unit to form a water
molecule (H2O).
• Energy absorbed
Making & Breaking Organic Compounds
Catabolic Reactions
Hydrolysis Reactions
• A water molecule (H2O) is used to break a covalent bond
holding subunits together.
• A –H from is given to one unit and a –OH to the another
• Energy released
Enzymes
• Enzymes are biological catalysts.
• They speed up reactions without actually
being consumed in the reaction.
• They are needed for condensation &
hydrolysis reactions.
Enzyme Action Example:
End Part I
Get ready for Carbohydrates!
Carbohydrates
• Made of C, H, & O
• Main energy source for living things
• Breakdown of sugars supplies immediate
energy for cell activities
• Plants store extra sugar as complex
carbohydrates called starches
Carbohydrates
• Single sugar molecules are called
monosaccharides
Examples:
glucose – in many
plant and animal
tissues, most
common
monosaccharide
fructose – in
many fruits
galactose –
component of
milk
Carbohydrates
• Large molecules of many
monosaccharide are
polysaccharides
• Examples:
• glycogen – animals use to store
excess sugar
• plant starch – plants use to store
excess sugar
• cellulose – fibers that give plants
their rigidity & strength
Lipids
• Store more energy than CHOs
because the chains are longer
• Ex: Fats, oils, waxes
• Won’t dissolve in water
Lipids
• Important parts of biological
membranes and waterproof
coverings
• Steroids are lipids that act as
chemical messengers
Lipids
• Many lipids are made from a
glycerol combined with fatty acids
– If all carbons have single bonds, lipid is
saturated
– Ex: butter, lard, animal fat (usually solid at room
temperature)
– If any carbons have double or triple
bonds, lipid is unsaturated
– Ex: vegetable oil, fish oil, peanut oil
room temperature)
(usually liquid at
Proteins
• Contain C, H, O, plus nitrogen
• Formed from amino acids joined
together
• More than 20 amino acids can be
joined in any order or number to
make countless proteins (think of how
many words can be made from 26 letters!)
Proteins
• Chains are folded and twisted giving
each protein a unique shape
• Van der Waals forces and hydrogen
bonds help maintain protein’s shape
• Shape of protein is important to its
function!
Proteins
• Provide structure
– Ex: Collagen- makes up your skin,
muscles & bones
• Aid chemical activities in your body
– Ex: Enzymes- work to speed up
rxns in your body
• Transport substances into or out of
cells
• Help fight diseases
Nucleic Acids
• Contain C, H, O, N plus
phosphorus
• Formed by bonding of
individual units called
nucleotides
nucleotide
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic Acids
• Store and transmit hereditary
information
–Ex: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)