Transcript GO C1 Common Substances Essential To Living Things

GO C1
Investigate and describe, in general terms, the role of different substances in
the environment in supporting or harming humans and other living things.
1.3 Substance Essential to Living
Things
Guided Question
What are the Organic and Inorganic
Substances essential to living things?
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All chemicals can be grouped into Organic
substances and inorganic substances.
All living thing depend on both types of
substances for growth
Inorganic substances generally do not contain
the element Carbon.
Examples of inorganic substances include
water, potassium, salt and oxygen gas.
Exceptions: Carbon Dioxide(CO2) and carbon
monoxide (CO)
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Organic Compounds
contain the element
carbon (C) bonded
together to make long
chains of molecules. They
also contain H (hydrogen)
and (oxygen)
Examples of organic
substances include
starch, sugar, protein,
and fat.
There are more organic
substances than inorganic
Compounds.
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Nutrients
Nutrients are grouped into two categories:
Macronutrients are elements required in
Large amounts. (Carbohydrates, Proteins,
Lipids, Amino Acids)
Micronutrients are elements that are
required by living things in trace or Small
amounts. (Fe, Cu, Se, Co, Cr)
Maintaining a Balance
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Macronutrients and micronutrients are
essential for plant and animal growth and
survival. They are the building blocks of body
structure.
Maintaining the Right Level of Nutrients - By
knowing how organisms use each element,
scientists can diagnose deficiencies and excesses,
and act accordingly (add or remove the nutrient), to
alleviate the problem. If a micronutrient is present
in larger amounts than normal it can have harmful
effects. Too little can also have harmful effects. The
optimum amount of a substance is the amount
that provides an organism with the best health
Essential Life Chemicals
Nutrient
Importance in PLANTS
Importance in HUMANS
Nitrogen (N)
- proteins & chlorophyll
- leaf and stem growth
- composition of proteins & nucleic acids
- growth and repair of tissue
Phosphorus (P)
- root and flower growth
- cellular respiration &
photosynthesis
- composition of bones, teeth & DNA
- metabolic reactions
- stimulates early growth
- starch and protein production disease resistance
- chlorophyll production & tuber
formation
- muscle contraction & nerve impulses
- chlorophyll structure
- photosynthesis
- composition of bones & teeth
- absorption of calcium & potassium
- cell wall structure
- cell division
- composition of bones & teeth
- blood clotting
- muscle & nerve function
- production of fruits and grains
- protein synthesis
- enzyme activation
- detoxification
Potassium (K)
Magnesium (Mg)
Calcium (Ca)
Sulfur (S)
Four classes of organic
compounds essential to healthy
body makeup.
Carbohydrates
Fats (lipids)
Proteins and Amino acids
Nucleic acids
CARBOHYDRATES
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These are obtained from foods such as rice,
potatoes, and fruit
They form simple (sugar) and complex
molecules (Starch, Cellulose)
These are required for body metabolism.
Carbohydrates provide Energy.
LIPIDS
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These are found in foods such as
walnuts and peanuts
They form saturated and unsaturated
fats are needed for providing more
energy.
PROTEINS
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These are obtained from meats, fish,
and eggs
They are used for growth and repair.
Proteins are made from amino acid units
joined together.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
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These play an important role in heredity
and cell division.
There are two types of nucleic acids:
DNA and RNA
Essential Life Chemicals
Organic compounds contain Carbon, as well as mostly Oxygen and Hydrogen.
Organic
Compounds
Carbohydrates
Description and role in nutrition
- are organic molecules made up of
atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen
- energy source for metabolism
Typical dietary
sources
sugar, starch, cellulose,
glucose, glycogen, rice,
grains, potatoes, fruits
Identification Test
Benedict’s solution
(turns from blue to yelloworange-red in the
presence of sugars)
Iodine (turns from redbrown to blue-black in the
presence of starch)
Lipids
- are compounds composed of many
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
- storage of unused chemical energy
fats, oils and waxes,
vegetable oils, nut oils,
some dairy products
A translucent spot is
made on brown paper
by a lipid
Proteins
and Amino Acids
- proteins are organic compounds
made up of amino acids (each protein
has its own unique number,
combination and arrangement of
amino acids)
- functions include growth and repair,
as well as a source of energy
Enzymes, meat, eggs,
dairy products, legumes,
nuts
Biuret solution (turns
Nucleic Acids
- large complicated molecules that play
a major role in heredity and in
controlling the cell's activities
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
from blue to purple, or
mauve in the presence of
protein)