Transcript Organic Chemistry and Macromolecules

Organic Chemistry and
Macromolecules
What makes a molecule organic?
Carbon
• How many bonds does carbon want?
• Carbon can form molecules of all different
sizes and shapes…
Organic Molecules
• Large carbon chains are called polymers or
macromolecules
• Polymers are made or synthesized through
dehydration synthesis , also called a
condensation reaction.
• Polymers are broken by hydrolysis, which
means breaking water apart.
4 types of macromolecules
Carbohydrates
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Examples?
Functions: Energy storage
Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Building blocks: Monosaccharide (mono
means?)
Carbohydrates
• How are multiple carbohydrates joined
together?
– Dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction
Types of carbohydrates
• 1. Monosaccharide (1) - simple sugars!
– Ex: glucose, fructose
• 2. Disaccharides (2)
– Ex: Sucrose or table sugar
• 3. Polysaccharides (3+)
– Ex: Cellulose (fiber ), Chitin, Glycogen (animal
storage, and Starch (plant storage)
Lipids
• Examples?
• Functions: biological membranes and energy
storage
• Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Types of lipids
1. Fats
2. Oils
3. Waxes
4. Sterols (steroids)
*Phosopholipids-used in the making of plasma
membrane (Bi-layer or two layers).
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
• Saturated Fats
– Contain only single
bonds for the carbon
– Solid at room
temperature
– Sources: dairy products
(cheese, yogurt, milk,
etc), meats and etc.
• Unsaturated Fats
– Contain at least one
double bond
• One double bond is
monounsaturated
• Two or more double
bonds is polyunsaturated
– Liquid at room
temperature
– Sources: oils (olive,
canola, etc)
Nucleic Acids
• Examples?
• Functions: heredity (genetics)
• Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Phosphorus, Nitrogen
• Building blocks: Nucleotides (ATCGU)
• Structure: Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous base
Protein
• Examples?
• Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur,
Nitrogen
• Functions: building material, transport,
regulation, and aiding chemical reactions.
• Building blocks: Amino Acids
Amino Acids
Organic Chemistry & Macromolecule
Vocabulary List
• Carbohydrates—organic molecule that stores
fast energy; examples are sugars and starch
• Lipids—organic molecule that is not soluble in
water, stores energy and provides insulation;
ex: fats and oils
• Proteins—organic molecule that is structural
and speeds up chemical reactions; ex:
enzymes and hemaglobin
Vocabulary List Continued
• Nucleic Acids—organic molecule that carries
genetic information; ex: DNA & RNA
• Benedicts Solution—a blue reagent that
changes color in the presence of simple sugars
• Starch—a major source of carbohydrates for
living things made of bonded glucose
molecules
Vocabulary List Continued
• Enzymes—a type of protein found in all living
things that changes (usually speeds up) the
rate of chemical reactions
• Insulin—a protein hormone that affects
metabolism by breaking down glucose
• Glycogen—a complex carbohydrate used to
store energy; typically found in liver and
muscle cells
Vocabulary List Continued
• Cellulose—a polysaccharide carbohydrate
made of many bonded glucose units; typically
found in cell walls of plants and provides
nutritional roughage.
• Hemoglobin—a type of protein that is in red
blood cells; contains iron and carries oxygen
from lungs to body cells.
• Biurets Solution—a blue reagent that turns
purple in the presence of proteins.