Transcript Chapter 3 PP - jl041.k12.sd.us

Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in
Cells
I. Organic Chemistry
A. What is organic?
1. Made by Living Things (organisms)…but then
Stanley Miller’s experiment.
2. Contains Carbon…but not CO
2
3. So, contains Carbon Covalently Bound to
Hydrogen and Oxygen.
I. Organic Chemistry
B. Carbon’s Characteristics:
1. Plentiful and Stable.
2. Forms 4 bonds (4 valence e-).
3. Will form chains and rings with
other carbon atoms.
Carbon Ring Notation
I. Organic Chemistry
C. Functional Groups:
The group that often determines how a
molecule will interact with another
molecule.
I. Organic Chemistry
C. Functional Groups
Know these four functional groups:
-OH Hydroxyl (hydrogen bonding)
-COOH Carboxyl
-NH Amino
-PO Phosphate
3
4
I. Organic Chemistry
D. Types of Reactions
1. Condensation, or Dehydration
Synthesis:
Two smaller molecules join to form one
macromolecule and release a molecule
of water.
I. Organic Chemistry
D. Types of Reactions
2. Hydrolysis, or Cleavage Reaction:
A macromolecule is cleaved/split,
requiring a molecule of water. The
result is two smaller molecules.
II. Carbohydrates
• So named as some have a ratio of 1
carbon to 1 water (thus, hydrated carbon
or carbohydrate).
• Glucose = 6 carbon to 6 waters
• Sucrose =C12H22O11
What is missing?
Where did it go?
II. Carbohydrates
A. Monomers (basic building blocks)
Sugars:
Monosaccharids, Disaccharides or
Oligosaccharids.
1. Monosaccharides: Glucose (main
energy for most living things), Fructose
(common sugar in fruits) and galactose.
II. Carbohydrates
2. Disaccharides:
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (table sugar)
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose (milk sugar)
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
II. Carbohydrates
B. Polymers (made of many units) are
Polysaccharides:
Starch, Cellulose, Fiber and Glycogen;
also called Complex Carbohydrates.
Starch- Many glucose molecules covalently
bonded together. Principal storage
molecule for plants.
II. Carbohydrates
• Glycogen – Similar to starch in that it is
many glucose molecules covalently
bonded together, but the molecule has
different side chains. This molecule is a
principle energy storage molecule for
animals.
II. Carbohydrates
• Cellulose – A long strand of glucose
molecules, bound together in such a way
that most animals are unable to digest this
molecule. It is a structural molecule and
gives plants their strength. Can be
digested by cows due to the presence of
bacteria in their stomachs.
MMs and Crickets
• Chitin – Similar to cellulose, but nitrogen is
added to each glucose unit. This is the
primary molecule in the exoskeleton of
insects and cell wall of fungi.
Starch
Function:
Structure:
Glucose
Function:
Structure:
Green = Carbon, White = Hydrogen,
Red = Oxygen
Green = Carbon, White = Hydrogen,
Red = Oxygen
Name:
NH3
OH
PO4
III. Lipids
A.
Fats/Oils/ Waxes/Grease
1. Monomers: Fatty acids and
Glycerols
Fatty Acid
Chain of Carbon:
Hydrogen atoms (few to no
oxygen atoms)
III. Lipids
B. Polymer: Triglycerids
1. Saturated Fats (maximum # of
hydrogens); all single bonds; usually
solid at room temperature.
2. Unsaturated Fats; one or more double
bonds; usually liquid at room
temperature.
Which is mono-unsaturated?
Poly-unsaturated? Saturated?
stearic acid
oleic acid
linolenic acid
Fig. 3.9a, p. 40
III. Lipids
C. Polymer: Phospholipids. A polar
phosphate head and a nonpolar fatty acid
tail.
III. Lipids
D. Polymer: Sterols. Fats without fatty acid chains
(include steroids, cholestorol).
IV. Proteins
A. Monomer: Amino Acids
1. 20 Naturally occurring AAs; 8 we must
get through our diet.
2. Contain nitrogen (amino group), carboxyl
group and R group.
IV. Proteins
B. Polymer: Proteins, or Polypeptide Chain
Two amino acids combine with peptide
bonds.
newly
forming
polypeptide
chain
Fig. 3.15, p. 43
IV. Proteins
C. Protein Structure:
a. Primary and Secondary, formed by AA
sequence
b. Tertiary, due to interactions of
functional groups.
c. Quarternary, due to interaction of two
or more separate proteins.
Molecule?
IV. Proteins
D. Denatured: Proteins can lose their shape
if exposed to excess heat, pH or other
conditions.
V. ATP and Nucleic Acids
Skip this reading, just know that ATP is an
important energy store in cells.