Transcript Review - Mrs. Butts Biology | Welcome Freshman!

Chemistry of Life
 Macromolecules
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acids
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Outline
Review
Most common elements in living
things are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. These
six elements constitute about 96%
of your body weight.
 Compounds are formed when two or
more elements combine
 Example: H2O, NaCl

 All
compounds can be
classified in two broad
categories --- organic and
inorganic compounds.
Organic compounds are made primarily of
carbon.
 Carbon has four outer electrons and can form
four bonds.


Carbon can form single bonds with another
atom and also bond to other carbon molecules
forming double, triple, or quadruple bonds.
Organic Macromolecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic
acids are called macromolecules because of their
large size.
 Usually consist of many repeating units
○ Monomer - Small molecular unit that is the
building block of a large molecule
○ Polymer - Long chains of monomers
○ E.g. amino acids (monomer) are linked to form
a protein (polymer)

Some examples:
Category
Polymers
Monomers
Lipids
Fat
Glycerol & fatty acids
Carbohydrates Polysaccharide Monosaccharide
Proteins
Polypeptide
Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA
Amino acid
Nucleotide
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Common Foods
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© The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./John Thoeming, photographer
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Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
 Single
 Quite
sugar molecules
soluble and sweet to taste
 Examples
 Glucose (photosynthesis!),
Fructose (fruit) and Galactose
(dairy)
Six carbon atoms
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Chemical Formula: C6H12O6
How can all monosaccharides
have the same chemical
formula?
Carbohydrates: Disaccharides
 Contain
two monosaccharides joined
together
 Soluble and sweet to taste
 Examples
 Lactose is composed of galactose
and glucose and is found in milk
 Sucrose (table sugar) is composed
of glucose and fructose
 Maltose is composed of two glucose
molecules
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Disaccharides
Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
POLYSACCHARIDE: long
polymer chains made of more
than two monosaccharides
1. Starch found in plant and used
for short-term energy storage
2. Glycogen is used by animals to
store energy in the liver and
muscle cells
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Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
3. Cellulose: makes up plant cell walls
○ Main component of wood and many natural
fibers
○ Indigestible by most animals (Also known
as fiber!)
4. Chitin: makes up the shells of arthropods
(crabs for example) and the cell walls of
fungi.
○ Very resistant to wear and digestion
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Uses of Carbohydrates
1. Energy storage
Plants = Starch
Animals = Glycogen
2. Cell or body structures
Cellulose = Plant Cell Walls
Chitin = Arthropod Shells
Starch Structure and Function
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
starch
granule
a. Starch
© Jeremy Burgess/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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250mm
Glycogen Structure and Function
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
glycogen
granule
b . Glycogen
© Don W. Fawcett/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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150 nm
Cellulose Structure and Function
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
cellulose fiber
microfibrils
Plant
cell wall
cellulose fibers
5,000 m
glucose molecules
© Science Source/J.D. Litvay/Visuals Unlimited
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