Transcript Carbohydrates

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FOUND IN ALL LIVING
ORGANISMS:
REVIEW:
What does it mean to be organic?
-Contains Carbon
-Can decompose
Organic Compounds found in living
organisms:
1. Carbohydrates (C,H,O)
-provide quick energy
2. Proteins (C,H,O,N,S)
-build, maintain and repair our bodies.
3. Lipids (C,H,O)
-stored energy
4. Nucleic Acid (C,H,O,N,P)
- stores and transmits our genetic code.
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98% of the body is made up of:
 Sulfur
1%
 Phosphorus 1%
 Oxygen
63%
 Nitrogen 5%
 Carbon
19%
 Hydrogen 9%
CHNOPS
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Remaining 2% are “Trace Elements”:
-occur in very small amounts
which vary person to person
based on the food they eat.
Calcium…Ca
Iron….Fe
Chlorine…Cl
Potassium…K
Magnesium…Mg
Sodium……Na
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YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT…….
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Carbohydrates:
Protein:
Lipids:
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Carbohydrates/sugars:
Roles:
1. Provide quick energy
2. Play a structural role in
plants, bacteria and
some animals.
3. Makes up parts of our cell
membranes.
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Carbohydrates are made up of:
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
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

In a 1:2:1 ratio


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Three types of Carbohydrates:
-each is based on # of molecules bonded together
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Let’s review:
mono =
one
di =
two
poly=
many
saccharide=
sugar
S
S
S
S
S
S
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S
Monosaccharides:
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1. Monosaccharides:
-mono means………
-1
-one single sugar molecule
Chemical formula (1:2:1 ratio):
C6H12O6
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S
Monosaccharides provides us
with:
- instant energy (0 to 20 min)
-simplest form of a sugar
-does not need to be digested
-just needs to be absorbed into our blood
and taken to our …...
CELLS
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Every cell in the
human body, all 50
trillion of them, is less
than 1mm away from a
blood vessel/capillary.
-Cells can easily
exchange food
molecules , oxygen and
cell waste with our
blood.
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3 Types of Monosaccharides:
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-have the same chemical formulas of C6H12O6
but they have a slightly different shapes. Known as
ISOMERS.
ISO =
equal (same chemical formulas)
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1. Glucose
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-made by plants during photosynthesis
-found in all green plant
products.
S
-C6H12O6
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2. Fructose
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S
-Found in all fruits.
-C6H12O6
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3. Galactose
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-Found in dairy products
-C6H12O6
S
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Quick Review
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Carbs provide us with quick energy.
Monosaccharides are made up of one
single sugar molecule.
Monosaccharides are in their simplest
form….does not need to be digested.
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S
2nd type of carbohydrate:
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Disaccharides:
Di means…..
2
Two monosaccharides bonded together.
S
S
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Chemical Formula:
S
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
+ S
H2O
S
S
C12H24O12
C12H22O11
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Remove water
is to
dehydrate
Disaccharides provide us with:
-energy within approximately 2 hours after
eating them.
-this is because they must be digested down into
their simplest form
……monosaccharides.
-Where are they digested?
-mouth or small intestines
S
H2 O
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S
S
Energy is released
when the bond is
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broken.
S
3 Types of Disaccharides:
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1. Sucrose
C12H22O11
Fructose
Glucose
-2 monos from plants bonded together
-Commonly known as table sugar
-Comes from sugar cane (a green plant)
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2. Maltose
Glucose
Glucose
C12H22O11
-2 monos from plants bonded together
- Malt grain….used to make beer and other
alcohols.
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3. Lactose
Glucose
Galactose
C12H22O11
-2 monos bonded together
-found in dairy products
Did you know?????
-Lactose needs to be digested
with the enzyme lactase. Some
people do not have this enzyme so
they are “lactose intolerant”.
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Dehydration Synthesis:
-dehydrate…remove
water
-synthesis….to make
-to make by removing
water
-this is what occurs when two monos
bond together to create a disaccharide by
removing one water molecule.
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Dehydration Synthesis
H2O
Glucose
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Galactose
Glucose
Galactose
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Hydrolysis:
-hydro…..water
-lysis…… to break open
Hydrolysis occurs when we add water to a
disaccharide when we need to break it down or
digest it.
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Hydrolysis
H2O
Glucose
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Galactose
Glucose
Galactose
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rd
3
type of Carb
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Polysaccharides:
-poly means…..
many
- many (more than 3 and up to 4000 )
monosaccharides bonded together.
S
S
S
S
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S
S
Must be digested.
Takes up to 24 hours to be totally
digested. Each bond between the
monos must be broken.
Made up of 3 to 4000 monos so
there is not one common chemical
formula.
S
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S
S
S
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S
S
3 Types of Polysaccharides:
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1. Starch
-how plants store excess glucose
-made up of 4000+ glucose
molecules bonded together
in a long chain.
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2. Glycogen
How animals store excess
glucose.
When we eat excess carbs
our liver converts them into
glycogen to be stored. If we
still do not use it then the
glycogen is converted into fat
for storage.
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3. Cellulose
-used by plants for structure
and support.
-humans can not digest cellulose
-cellulose passes out as the “bulk” of
our feces.
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