Transcript Chemistry

Organic Compounds
found in all living
organisms:
REVIEW:
What does it mean to be organic?
-Contains Carbon
-Can decompose
Organic Compounds found in
living organisms:
1. Carbohydrates (C,H,O)
-provide quick energy
2. Proteins (C,H,O,N,S)
-build, maintain and
repair our bodies.
3. Lipids (C,H,O)
-stored energy
4. Nucleic Acid (C,H,O,N,P)
- stores and transmits
our genetic code.
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98% of the body is made up of:
 Sulfur
 Phosphorus
 Oxygen
 Nitrogen
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
1%
1%
63%
5%
19%
9%
CHNOPS
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Remaining 2% are “Trace Elements”:
-occur in very small amounts
which vary person to person based on
the food they eat.
Calcium…Ca
Iron….Fe
Chlorine…Cl
Potassium…K
Magnesium…Mg
Sodium……Na
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Carbon: The molecule of life
• Life is based on carbon;
-carbon is a central element of all organic compds
• The properties of carbon make it the
backbone of all organic molecules which
form living matter.
– Carbon is a such a versatile element because it
can form covalent bonds
– Carbon skeleton can vary in length, branching,
and ring structure.
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Mass
number:
#P + # N
Atomic
number
#P
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Atomic
weight
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One carbon atom can
bond covalently to four
other molecules.
Carbon forms more types of
compounds than any other element.
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Carbon can form
macromolecules in the
shape of:
Carbon
RING
Like in carbohydrates
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Carbon CHAINS
Like in lipids/fats
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Biochemical Pathway
of Carbon:
O2
CO2
O2
CO2
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
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Biochemical Pathway of Carbon:
Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2

Cellular Respiration
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Photosynthesis:
Process of using the suns energy to
combine CO2 and H2O into sugar and O2
In the presence of sunlight
CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2
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Cellular Respiration:
The cellular process of using O2 and the
sugar we eat to create ATP energy and CO2
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O
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YOU ARE WHAT YOU
EAT…….
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Carbohydrates:
Protein:
Lipids:
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Carbohydrates/sugars:
Roles:
1. Provide quick energy
2. Play a structural role in
plants, bacteria and
some animals.
3. Component of all cell
membranes.
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Carbohydrates are made
up of:
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• In a 1:2:1 ratio
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Two classification of sugar:
• Pentose sugars
– Penta means…..
•5
• A sugar made up of five carbons
forming a five sided ring.
• Found only in DNA and RNA
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Hexose Sugar
Hexa means….
-6
- a sugar made up of
six carbons forming a six
sided ring.
- provides us with energy.
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Three types of Carbs:
(based on # of molecules bonded together)
1. Monosaccharides:
-mono means………
-1
-one single sugar molecule
Chemical formula (1:2:1 ratio):
C6H___O___ 
C6H12O6
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Provides us with:
- instant energy
(0 to 20 min)
-simplest form of a sugar
-does not need to be
digested
-just needs to be absorbed
into our blood.
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3 Types of
Monosaccharides:
-all are isomers
-iso means…………….
-equal
-have the same chemical formulas
of C6H12O6 but they have a slightly
different structural formula/shapes.
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1. Glucose
-made by plants during photosynthesis
-found in all green plant
products.
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2. Fructose
-Found in all fruits.
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3. Galactose
-Found in dairy products
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Quick Review
Carbs provide us with quick energy.
Monosaccharides are made up of one
single sugar molecule.
Monosaccharides are in their simplest
form….does not need to be digested.
S
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nd
2
type of
carbohydrate:
Disaccharides:
Di means…..
2
Two monosaccharides
bonded together.
S
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S
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Chemical Formula:
S
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
+ S
H2O
S
S
C12H24O12
C12H22O11
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Disaccharides provide us with:
-energy within approx. 2
hours after eating them.
-this is because they must be
digested down into their
simplest form
……monosaccharides.
S
S
S
S
H2O
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3 Types of
Disaccharides:
1. Sucrose
Fructose
Glucose
-2 monos from plants bonded together
-Commonly known as table sugar
-Comes from sugar cane (a green plant)
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2. Maltose
Glucose
Glucose
-2 monos from plants bonded together
- Malt grain….used to make beer and other
alcohols.
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3. Lactose
Glucose
Galactose
-2 monos bonded together
-found in dairy products
Did you know?????
-Lactose needs to be digested
with the enzyme lactase. Some
people do not have this enzyme so
they are “lactose intolerant”.
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Dehydration Synthesis:
-dehydrate…remove
water
-synthesis….to make
-to make by removing
water
-what occurs when two
monos bond together to create
a disaccharide by removing
one water molecule.
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Dehydration Synthesis
H2O
Glucose
Galactose
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Glucose
Galactose
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Hydrolysis:
-hydro…..water
-lysis…… to break open
Hydrolysis occurs when we add
water to a disaccharide when we
need to break it down or digest it.
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Hydrolysis
H2O
Glucose
Galactose
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Glucose
Galactose
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3rd type of Carb
Polysaccharides:
-poly means…..
many
- many (more than 3 and up
to 4000 )monosaccharides
bonded together.
S
S
S
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S
S
S
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Must be digested.
Takes up to 24 hours to be totally
digested. Each bond between the
monos must be broken.
Made up of 3 to 4000 monos so
there is not one common chemical
formula.
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3 Types of
Polysaccharides:
1. Starch
-how plants store excess glucose
-made up of 4000+ glucose
molecules bonded together
in a long chain.
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2. Glycogen
How animals store excess
glucose.
When we eat excess carbs
our liver converts them into
glycogen to be stored. If we
still do not use it then the
glycogen is converted into fat
for storage.
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3. Cellulose
-used by plants for structure
and support.
-humans can not digest
cellulose-pass it out as the
“bulk” of our feces.
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Chitin
-another polysaccharide
-is the material which makes
up the outer shell of crabs and
insects.
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WORD BANK
Amino acids, animals, Carbohydrates, Cell membrane, Cholesterol, DNA, Disaccharide, Egg yolk, Energy storage, Enzymes, Fats,
Fatty acid, Fructose, Glucose, Glycogen, Hemoglobin, Hormones, Insulin, Lactose, Lipids, Monosaccharide, Nitrogen Base,
Nucleotide, Nucleic Acids, Phosphate Group, Phospholipid, Plants, Polypeptides, Polysaccharides, Proteins, Saturated, Starch,
Steroids, Sucrose, Unsaturated, 4 rings of carbon, 5 carbon sugar
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