Transcript How the Transmission System Works

How the Transmission
System Works
Really
William F. Reinke
Acknowledgements
● Don Benjamin – NERC Staff
 www.nerc.com
● Terry Boston - TVA
2
Topics
● Purpose of the transmission system
● Structure
 Bits and pieces, odds and ends
● How to buy and sell electricity
 Before and after deregulation
● Major blackout chronology
● Important dates
Characteristics of Electricity
● Travels at the speed of light
● Cannot be stored
● Network must be continuously connected
 Cannot be “routed”
Terms
● Voltage
volts
pressure
● Current
amps
flow
● Power
watts
vxa
● Energy
watt-hours
watts x time
● Frequency hertz
cycles/sec
● Fundamental Laws
 Ohm
 Kirchhoff
Power System Overview
6
Substations
7
Circuit Breakers
● Open breaker
 Power can’t flow
● Closed breaker
 Power can flow
● Trip: Closed  Opened
Bulk Power Transformers
9
11
12
13
Distribution Transformers
14
Purpose of Transmission
● Connect generators to each other and
to the distribution system
 Handle contingencies (equipment failures)
 Dispatch generation economically
● Connect utilities to each other
 Buying and selling electricity
 Reserve sharing
But it’s not like...
● The natural gas pipeline system
● The telephone system
● The water system
● The transportation system
● These are examples of “switched” systems
…because electricity can’t be routed!
The Control Area (Balancing Authority)
Generating Plant #1
M
M
Control
Center
Generating Plant #2
Customers
Control Areas (Balancing Authorities)
M
A
M
M
M
M
C
M
B
M
M
D
The Steps of an Interchange Transaction
Before Deregulation
Sale from A to B at 4-5 pm of 100 MW
● 3:40 pm
Schedule
● 3:55 pm Confirm
● 4:00 pm Begin
interchange
100 MW
A
B
$20/MWh
$40/MWh
 Seller increases generation
 Buyer decreases generation
● 5:00 pm
End
 Seller decreases generation
 Buyer increases generation
Interchange Price
= (A+B)/2
= $30/ MWh
Set up by system
operators
The Steps of an Interchange Transaction
After Deregulation
Sale from A to B at 4-5 pm of 100 MW
● 3:40 pm
Schedule
● 3:55 pm Confirm
● 4:00 pm Begin
interchange
 Seller increases generation
 Buyer decreases generation
● 5:00 pm
End
 Seller decreases generation
 Buyer increases generation
100 MW
A
B
$20/MWh
$40/MWh
M1
• Interchange Price
Depends on Market
• Set up by Merchants
M2
The Interconnections
Western
Interconnection
ERCOT
Interconnection
Eastern
Interconnection
Regional Entities
22
Widespread Disturbances
November
August
April
March
July
June
May
July
2000/2001
2/3,
3/
15,
25,
13,
14,
10,
8,4,2003
1977
1998
9,
1996
2004
2003
1976
1996
1965
23
KEY INDUSTRY DATES
● 1965
● 1968
● 1970
● 1973
● 1977
● 1978
● 1978
● 1979
● 1992
● 1996
● 1996
●
24 2000
Northeast Blackout
NERC Formed
SERC Formed
Oil Embargo, end of 7% annual growth
National Energy Plan – Created DOE
Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act
(PURPA)
Power Plant and Fuel Use Act
Three Mile Island
Energy Policy Act
FERC Orders 888, 889
California Restructuring
FERC Order 2000 RTOs
KEY INDUSTRY DATES
● 2001
● 2002
●
●
●
●
25
September 11
FERC Standard Market Design
Notice Of Proposed Rulemaking
2003
FERC Wholesale Power Market
Platform White Paper
August 2003
Blackout
August 2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005
February 2006 FERC Order 672 establishing rules
concerning the certification of the
Electric Reliability Organization
and procedures for the
establishment, approval, and
enforcement of Electric Reliability
Standards
KEY INDUSTRY DATES
● April 2006
NERC files Application to become
the Electric Reliability
Organization
● July 2006
NERC Certified as the Electric
Reliability Organization
● Nov 2006
Regional Entity Delegation
Agreements Filed
● March 2007
FERC Order 693 approving 83
reliability standards and making
compliance with reliability
standards mandatory for all
owners, operators and users of
the bulk power system
26
KEY INDUSTRY DATES
● April 2007
FERC approves Delegation
Agreements between NERC and
the eight Regional Entities
● June 18, 2007 Reliability Standards become
mandatory for all owners,
operators and users of the bulk
power system
27