Ginkgo biloba
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Transcript Ginkgo biloba
Chapter 21.1
Plant evolution and
Adaptations
Plant Characteristics
Multicellular
Autotrophic
Eukaryotes
Tissues and organs
Green Algae to Plants
Scientists think modern plants may
have evolved from Green Algae
because of similar characteristics…
I Spy…
What are the differences
between these two Autotrophs?
Green Algae
Giant Redwood
Similarities of Plants and Algae
Cell walls w/ Cellulose
Same type of Chlorophyll
Food stored as starch
Enzymes in vesicles
Similar genes in rRNA
Cell division w/ cell plate
Similar but not the same
What do you think
plants needed to adapt
to life on land?
A: Bones of course
B: Reproduce by air and land… not
water
C: Fed Ex sends weekly care
packages of water
D: Wet suit… the air dries me out!
4 Plant Adaptations to
Land
Cuticle
– Prevents drying out
– Barrier to microbes
4 Plant Adaptations to
Land
Stomata
– Allows for gas exchange
4 Plant Adaptations to
Land
Vascular tissue
– Allows for
movement of
nutrients &
water
– Provides
support
4 Plant Adaptations to
Land
Seeds
– Survive harsh
conditions
– Food for
developing
embryo
Alteration of
Generations
Gametophyte
produces haploid
(n) gametes
Sporophyte
produces diploid
(2n) spores
Kingdom Plantae
Nonvascular
1.
2.
3.
Bryophytes- Moss
Antherocerophytes- Hornworts
Hepaticophytes- Liverworts
Vascular without seeds
4.
5.
6.
Lycophytes- Club mosses
Spenophytes - Horsetails
Pterophytes- Ferns
Vascular with seeds
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Cycadophytes- Cycads of sago plants
Gnetophytes- Joint firs
Ginkophytes- Ginkgoes
Coniferophytes- Pines
Anthophytes- Flowering plants
Chapter 21.2
Nonvascular Plants
Nonvascular Plants
Small
Requires water
Found in damp,
shady areas
3 Divisions of Nonvascular plants
Bryophyta- Moss
Anthocerophyta- Hornworts
Hepaticophyta- Liverworts
Gametophyte is dominant
Division Bryophyta
One cell thick leaf-like
structures
Rhizoids for anchorage
Peat – used for fuel,
retain moisture for
gardeners
Moss
Division Anthocerophyta
One large chloroplast in
each cell
May have symbiotic
relationship with
cyanobacteria
Hornwort
Division Hepaticophyta
Unicellular rhizoids
Thallose – fleshy,
lobed structures
Leafy – stems with
thin leaf-like structures
in rows
liverwort
Thallose vs Leafy
Two kinds of Liverwort
Thallose
Leafy
Chapter 21.3
Seedless Vascular Plants
Seedless Vascular
Plants
Have Vascular Tissue
Larger than Non-vascular
Better adapted to drier environments
Strobilus – spore bearing structure
Sporophyte is dominant
Division Lycophyta and Pterophyta
(Sphenophyta)
Division Lycophyta
Sporophyte is
dominant
Have roots, stems,
and small, scaly
leaf-like structures
Some are epiphytes
– lives anchored to
another plant or
object
Club mosses
Division
Pterophyta/Sphenophyta
Horsetails or
scouring rushes
Cell walls of
silica
Only one genus
= Equisetum
Horsetails - Equisetum
Division Pterophyta
Thick underground
stem – rhizome
(food storage)
Fronds with
sporangia
underneath (sorus)
ferns
Chapter 21.4
Vascular Seed Plants
Vascular Seed plants
Vascular tissue
Cotyledons – food storage for embryo
Seed dispersal
– Wind, water, animal
Sporophyte- dominant life cycle
– Male gametophyte: Pollen
– Female gameophyte: Egg
Produce Seeds
– Gymnosperms: “Naked Seed” without
fruit.
Ex: Pines, fir trees
– Angiosperms: Seeds are part of the fruit
Ex: Apples, peaches, blackberries
5 Divisions of Seed
Plants
Division Cycadophyta
Division Gnetophyta
Division Ginkgophyta
Division Coniferophyta
Division Anthophyta
Division Cycadophyta
Separate male and
female plants
Found in tropical
and subtropical
environments
Cycad
Division Gnetophyta
Live 1500 – 2000
years
3 genera
– Ephedra – bush
Ephedrine medicine
Found in US
– Gnetum - trees &
climbing vines
– Welwitschia – two
large leaves
Division Ginkophyta
One living species:
– Ginkgo biloba
Fan shaped leaves
Separate male and
female trees
Tolerate pollution
Division Coniferophyta
Shrubs and trees
Economically useful
– Lumber, paper,
turpentine
Male and female
cones on same tree
Scalelike leaves
with cutin
Evergreen – lose
leaves throughout
the year
Leaves
Evergreen- Keep
some green leaves all
year
Deciduous- Lose
leaves once a
year
Division Anthophyta
Flowering plants
Angiosperms
2 kinds of angiosperms
Monocots
– One seed leaf
– Parallel veins in leaves
– Flowers in multiples of 3s
Monocot examples: grasses,
orchids, lilies, and palms
Dicots/Eudicots
– Two seed leaves
– Netted veins in leaves
– Flowers in multiples of 4s or 5s
Dicot examples: maples, oaks,
sycamores
Eudicot examples: trees, shrubs,
flowering plants
Life span of plants
Annual - live for one year
– Most are herbaceous (green stems)
– Have drought resistant seeds
– Examples: corn, wheat, peas, and squash
Biennial - live for two years
– Have large storage roots
– Produce flowers in the second year
– Examples: carrots, beets, and turnips
Perennial – live for many years
– Usually flower once a year
– Examples: maples and oaks