Transcript Kingdom Plantae - Smyth County Virginia Public Schools

Kingdom Plantae
Autotrophs (photosynthesis)
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
By Diana L. Duckworth
Rustburg High School, Campbell County
Plants were first life to invade land
some 400 million years ago
• Three major problems to solve:
• (1) How to get nutrients out of bare rock
– Partnership with fungi - mycorrhizae
• (2) How to keep from drying out
– Developed watertight covering – cuticle
– Also kept out gases – developed stomata (singular –
stoma)
• (3) How to reproduce without water medium
– Sperm enclosed in pollen – wind or insect dispersal;
prevents drying out
Stomata
http://www.agr.gc.ca/nlwis-snite/index_e.cfm?s1=pub&s2=ha_sa&page=73
cuticle
http://www.learner.org/jnorth/spring2001/species/tulip/Update051801.html
Demands of land environment led to cell
differentiation & thus different tissues and enabled
larger sized plants
• Stems – provide support; contain vascular tissue to carry
nutrients & water to leaves from roots
• Roots – anchor plant in soil; take up nutrients and water
• Vascular tissue
– Xylem – carries water & minerals from roots
– Phloem – carries food made in leaves by photosynthesis to rest
of plant
• Seeds – multicellular; contain embryo of plant
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–
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Protection – seed coat prevents injury & dessication of embryo
Nourishment – food for plant embryo as it starts to grow
Dispersal – by animals or wind or water
Delayed growth – can remain dormant until conditions are right
to germinate
• Leaves – structures specialized to carryout
photosynthesis
• Flowers – specialized structures to make reproduction
more efficient
http://www.karencarr.com/gallery_stem_diagram.html
http://grandpacliff.com/Plants/Glossary-Plants.htm
http://arnica.csustan.edu/photos/800/Cucurbita_vascular_tissue_LS_100x.jpg
Kinds of Plants - Nonvascular
• Small – no specialized structures for
taking up nutrients or water; each cell for
itself
• Gametophyte generation is larger &
photosynthetic; sporophyte non
photosynthetic & grows on gametophyte
• Need water for sexual reproduction –
sperm swim to eggs
Nonvascular Examples
• Mosses – leaves
arranged in spiral
around stem
– Have cuticle, stomata,
water conducting cells
• Liverworts – lack
conducting cells,
cuticle & stomata
• Hornworts – lack
conducting cells,
cuticle, stomata
http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/interesting/lichens/whatnot.shtml
Seedless Vascular Plants
• Have a vascular
system
• Sporophyte is larger
& photosynthetic
• Do need water to
reproduce
• Have droughtresistant spores
• Example: Ferns
http://www.pbase.com/rak_929/image/41482294
http://eclipsetheatrecompany.wordpress.com/2008/02/29/can-you-see-the-light-part-iii/
Gymnosperms – naked seed
• Produces seeds not
enclosed in fruit
• Gametophytes are
male & female;
greatly reduced
– Male are grains of
pollen
– Female form within
structures that become
seeds
– Have male & female
cones
• Wind pollination
• Example - conifers
http://countrysidecreek.typepad.com/photos/pictures/p1000246.html
Angiosperms – Flowering Plants
• Male & Female
gametophytes
develop within a
flower – promotes
pollination
• Seeds are enclosed
in a fruit – promotes
dispersal
• Seeds contain supply
of food called
endosperm
Two kinds of angiosperms: monocots & dicots
• Monocots
– One seed leaf
– Flowers have parts in
multiples of 3
– Long narrow leaves
with parallel veins
– Examples – grass;
corn; lilies
• Dicots
– Two seed leaves
– Flower parts in
multiples of 2, 4, 5
– Leaves with branching
veins
– Examples: roses
– Daisies; fruits such as
apples, peaches, etc.
Comparison of Monocots & Dicots
http://encarta.msn.com/media_461549076_761558348_-1_1/monocot_and_dicot_seeds.html