Transcript Plants

Plants
Common characteristics of plants
1. Multicellular
2. Eukaryote-organelles surrounded by a
membrane
3. Cell walls made of cellulose
4. Cuticle-waterproof coating
5. Make own food (Photosynthesis)
-First plants are thought to look like moss but it is
unknown because plant’s don’t leave fossils
Plant Adaptations
• Plants have structures based on whether
they live on water or land
– Ex. Plants on water dissolves their nutrients
directly into cells
– Land plants absorb their nutrients by roots
Plant structures:
1.
2.
Nearly all plants have a
protective coating on outside
called a cuticle- it helps to
protect and conserve water
The cuticle has openings on
it called stomata (stoma)
that are the place for
exchange or gases
(function: allows carbon
dioxide in and oxygen out)
-The stomata open in day for
photosynthesis and close at
night, why?
To conserve water (about 90%
of water is lost through
epidermis)
Plant structures
cont…
3. Leaves- organs of
photosynthesis
A leaf is abroad
organ of plants that
trap light energy for
photosynthesis
It exchanges gases
through stomata
They grow toward
sunlight called
Phototropism
4. Roots- Plant organ that…
1. Absorbs water and
minerals
2. Transports to the stem
3. Anchors the plant
5. Stem- Structure that
connects roots to leaves,
functions are …
1. Provides structural
support and upright growth
2. Transports food and
water
3. Some store food (ex.
Carrot)
There are two types of plants based on leaf
type:
1. Evergreens- Keep some leaves on year
round Ex. Pine
2. Deciduous- All leaves fall off at certain
time of year Ex. Oak, maple, most trees in
our area
All Plants Are Grouped Into Two
Categories
1. Vascular Plants- Have a vascular tissue
-These plants have vessels that take food to
and from the leaves allowing the plants
to grow in height
2. Nonvascular plants- no vascular tissue-these
plants are usually one cell thick
-They don’t grow in height so they run along
ground and absorb nutrients straight to the plant
parts Ex. Mosses and liverworts
There are two
groups of
vascular plants:
a.
b.
angiosperms-produce
seeds by flowers
Gymnosperms-produce
seeds by cones
*Vascular plants include any
plants that grow in
height and width Ex.
Flower, tree, shrub
Plants are all from the Kingdom Plantae
Some of the divisions of plants (phyla) are:
1. Bryophyta (mosses and liverworts)- no
vascular tissue
-Must have a lot of moisture
-Produce seed in spores
2. Pterophyta (ferns)- vascular tissue
-Produce spores
-Found in tropical climate
Plant divisions cont…
3. Cycad- (palm trees)Vascular tissue
-Have scaly trunk
-Seeds in cones
4. Coniferophyta
(Pines)-Vascular
-Have seeds in cones
and needle-like
leaves
Plant divisions cont…
5. Anthophyta (flowering
plants)-Vascular
-Largest group
-Seeds are found in fruit
only
Anthophyta (flowering plants) is
divided into 2 groups based on
type of seeds:
1. Monocot-stands for mono
cotyledon
-Seeds have 1 seed leaf
(Ex. Grasses, orchids, lilies)
-Leaves will have parallel
veins
2. Dicot-stands for di
cotyledon
-Seeds have 2 seed leaves
-leaves will be network with
veins
(Ex. Garden flowers, most trees)
Why Are Seeds Important?
• Functions:
• 1. They contain the
embryo
• 2. supply food to embryo
• 3. protect embryo
• 4. Hard covering keeps
the seed from drying out
and
• 5. covering aids in
dispersal of the seed
Photosynthesis
• Process used by a plant to make its own
food—occurs in leaves!!
• Ingredients needed are: Carbon Dioxide
(CO2), water (H2O) and energy from sun
• Products are: Oxygen (O2) and glucose
(C6H12O6)
• In leaves, the 1.
carbon dioxide (enter
thru stomata), 2.
water (enters by
roots) and
3. energy (strikes
leaves by sunlight)
combine to form 1.
glucose (stays in
plant) and 2. oxygen
(released thru
stomata to air)
Equation for photosynthesis
• CO2+H2O+sun’s energy C6H12O6 + 02
(glucose)
We get our oxygen supply from plants
because they produce it in photosynthesis!
Respiration
• In order for organisms (like animals) to
have energy for their cells to function, they
must:
– 1. ingest glucose from plants
– 2. convert it to a form of energy that their cells
can use.
• The energy form that animal cells use is
called ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Respiration cont…
• The process of converting glucose to ATP
is called respiration (burning of glucose)
• It occurs in the mitochondria of cells
Equation of respiration:
O2+C6H12O6CO2+H2O+ATP (energy)
Vascular plants- Have
vascular tissue (vessels)
that carry nutrients up
and down plant
-includes all plants that
grow in height
Parts of the vascular tissue
1. Xylem-transports water
and minerals from root to
leaves
2. Phloem- Transports
sugars from leaves to
other parts of plant
**Both structures extend from
root tip through stem to
leaves
Vascular plants are divided into 2
groups:
1. Gymnosperms
2.Angiosperms
Produce seeds in cones
Ex. Pines, palm trees
Most are evergreens
Produce seeds in fruit
(Produce flowers)
Fruit-Flesh around a
seed includes most
plants
Most are deciduous
*Both types have seedshard coat around the embryo
Some adaptations of
flowering plants:
-During droughts, cold, and
limited sunlight, roots and
stems store food
3 Ways They Store Food
1. Bulb- short stem enclosed
in a fleshy leaf base ex.
Onion
2. Corm- short thickened
underground stem that is
not in a fleshy leaf base
3. Tuber- swollen root or stem
with buds that sprout to form
new leaves
-Each eye develops a shoot (ex.
Potato)
Lifecycles of Flowering
Plants:
1. Annual-Live 1 year only (Ex.
Corn/Wheat)
-1. sprout, 2. grow, 3. reproduce &
4. die in 1 year
-Most are herbaceous-no woody
material
2. Biennial-Complete life cycle in 2 years
(Ex. Carrot/turnips)
1st year- grow leaves and
roots/above ground part dies back in
winter
2nd year- produce new shoots,
reproduce (make flowers & seeds), &
die
3. Perennial-Take several years
-Produce flowers and seeds
periodically
Why do flowering plants produce
fruit?
• They protect and
nourish the seed