Transcript Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Plantae
Chapter 22
Characteristics
thought to have derived from green
algae
Eukaryotic
Autotrophs
Have cell walls and chloroplasts
Nonmotile (can’t move)
Nearly all live on land
Undergo photosynthesis
Depend on water and air for nutrients
Plants have adaptations that allow
them to live on land.
1. Cuticle-waxy, waterproof layer that
holds in moisture
2. Vascular system
3. Lignin- allows plants to grow
upright.
4. Pollen grains- allow for
reproduction without freestanding water.
5. Seed - a storage device for a plant
embryo.
Plants are divided into 2 categories:
1. Vascular – plants with internal tissues
to conduct nutrients and water through
roots, stems, and leaves.
2. Nonvascular – plants with out internal
tissues to conduct nutrients and water.
Stages of a plants life cycle:
• The haploid phase is referred to as
gametophyte because it is a
gamete producing body.
• The gametes combine during
fertilization to form a diploid
zygote.
• The diploid zygote develops into
the sporophyte because it
produces haploid spores.
• These spores later divide and give
rise to gametophytes.
Nonvascular-Bryophytes
Characteristics:
Small-less than 20 cm tall
 Have leaf-like, stem-like, and rootlike parts but no xylem or phloem
 Can dry out and then revive after
absorbing moisture.
 Mostly well adapted to grow in fully
or seasonally moist habitats.

Examples-Nonvascular-
Mosses
(Bryophyta)
Liverworts
(Hepatophyta)
Hornworts (Anthocerophyta)
Vascular Plants
• Seedless
• Seed bearing
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. Gymnosperms
2. Angiosperms
Whisk Ferns
Club Mosses
Horse Tails
Ferns
Seedless Vascular Plants
• Vascular plants that do not produce seeds.
“Have not fully escaped the
aquatic habitats of their
ancestors”
Seedless Vascular Plants
1. Whisk Ferns (Psilophyta)
• Closely related to ferns in that rhizomes
hold them to the ground and absorb
nutrients.
• Grow mostly in the tropics and subtropics
2. Club Mosses (Lycophyta)
Oldest living group of vascular plants.
Only surviving species are tree size
members of swamp forests that
branch out from underground
rhizomes.
3. Horsetails (Sphenophyta)
Have scale like leaves
that grow in whorls
around a tubular stem.
Live in vacant lots,
roadsides, and other
disrupted habitats.
4. Ferns (Pterophyta)
Largest (1cm across to
25m tall) and most diverse
group of seedless vascular
plants.
Most are native to tropical
areas, but they are also
popular houseplants.
Seed Bearing Vascular Plants
There are two groups of seed
bearing plants: Gymnosperms and
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Seed plant whose seeds are NOT
enclosed in fruit.
Three phylum of gymnosperms:
Coniferophyta (Conifers)
Ginkgophyta (Gingko)
Cycadophyta (Cycads)
Conifers (Coniferophyta)
woody trees or shrubs that
produce needle-like leaves and
have seeds exposed on cone
scales.
Most are evergreen –green all
year.
Some are deciduous –shed all
of their leaves in cold weather.
Examples: pines, redwoods, spruce,
cedar, fir
Gingko (Ginkgophyta)
• Native to China there
is only one surviving
species -Ginkgo
biloba.
• Oldest living species of
seed plants
Cycads (Cycadophyta)
• Look like palm trees
with large cones and
grow in tropical areas.
• Many species are
endangered because of
their slow growth and
loss of tropical habitat.
Angiosperms (Anthophyta)
• Seed plant that has seeds enclosed
in some type of fruit.
• The flower is the reproductive
structure
• ovary and other floral parts develop
into the fruit -mature ovary of the
flower.
• are divided into two categories:
Monocots and Dicots
Dicots (180,000 species)
•Two cotyledons (seed leaves);
flower in 4-5 parts; tap roots;
leaf veins-net pattern
Examples:
Cabbages and daisies, flowering
shrubs and trees, water lilies and
cacti.
Monocots (80,000 sp)
•One cotyledon (seed leaf);
flower parts in 3; fibrous
roots; parallel leaf veins.
Examples:
Orchids, palms, lilies, grasses, and
highly valuable crop plants.
Types of Lifespans -Flowering Plants
1) Annual -Flowering plants that mature seeds,
produce flowers, and die all in one year.
examples: corn, lettuce, some garden flowers
2 )Biennial-Flowering plants that take two years to
complete their life cycle.
examples: carrots,
3) Perennial-Any flowering plant that lives for more
than two years.
Plant Structure
Flower Structure
Leaves
 principal organ of photosynthesis,
 help in the process of transpiration (the
loss of water vapor from a plant)
 Stomata are breathing pores scattered
over the leaf that regulate gas exchange
Roots
 Underground absorptive structures that collectively afford a
large surface area.
 Rapidly take up soil, water, and dissolved mineral ions.
 in many species, anchor the plant
Shoot systems
 Consist of stems and leaves which efficiently absorb energy
from the sun and carbon dioxide from the air.
Vascular Tissue in Plants
 Xylem –distributes water and dissolved ions to all of the
plants’ living cells.
 Phloem-distributes dissolved sugars and other
photosynthetic products.
Importance of plants in our lives
 Humans rely on plants for nearly everything in daily life.
 All types of plant parts provide food for humans.
 Rice, corn, and wheat are cereal grasses and are our
most important sources of food.
 The values of rice, corn, wheat, soybeans, coffee, sugar,
cotton, and forest products traded in world markets every
year are each billions of dollars.
 Wood is a source of wood pulp used for making paper,
lumber used for building materials, and fuel.
 Many of the drugs used today are made from plants.