Transcript Digestive System updated

The Digestive System
and Nutrition
Lesson 1: Nutrition
Lesson 2: Anatomy and Physiology of
the Digestive System
Lesson 3: Disorders and Diseases of
the Digestive System
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 1
Nutrition
Objectives
• Identify the major categories of nutrients.
• Identify nutrients that can have negative effects on
your health, and describe the negative effects.
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Nutrition
• energy
• macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals
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Energy
• measuring the body’s energy use
– calories
– kilocalories
• basal metabolic rate
– energy required for one day at rest
– varies by individual
• For men: BMR = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height
(cm) – 5 x age (years) + 5
For women: BMR = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x
height (cm) – 5 x age (years) – 161
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Macronutrients, Vitamins, and Minerals
• nutrients
– substances needed for
• energy
• growth
• maintenance
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Nutrients
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carbohydrates
proteins
fats (lipids)
vitamins
minerals
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Carbohydrates
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sugars
starches
1 gram supplies 4 Calories
one half of daily caloric intake should be from
carbohydrates
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Proteins
• made of amino acids
• essential amino acids
– must be part of diet
• nonessential amino acids
– body can make
• one gram supplies 4
Calories
• one quarter of daily
caloric intake from
proteins
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Fats
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lipids
saturated fats
monounsaturated fats
polyunsaturated fats
trans-unsaturated fats (trans fats)
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Fats
• one gram supplies 9 Calories
• minimize trans and saturated fat intake
• less than 25–35% of total calories from fat
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Vitamins
• chemicals needed for proper metabolism
• types of vitamins
– fat-soluble
• may be stored in the body
– water-soluble
• are not stored in the body
• vitamin deficiency
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Minerals
• elements needed for proper body function
• examples
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calcium
potassium
iron
phosphorus
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Water-Soluble Vitamins
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Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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Minerals
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: carbohydrate,
fat, vitamin, iron.
1. 9 calories per gram
2. water soluble
3. sugar
4. mineral
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Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 2
Anatomy and Physiology
of the Digestive System
Objectives
• Identify the organs of the digestive system and
explain their functions.
• Describe how food is digested and absorbed.
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Anatomy and Physiology of the
Digestive System
• activities of digestion
• layers of the alimentary canal
• digestive organs and their functions
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Activities of Digestion
• (1) ingestion
– getting food into the body
• (2) propulsion
– moving food along GI tract
• (3) mechanical breakdown
– breaks food into smaller pieces
– increases surface area of food
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Activities of Digestion
• (4) chemical breakdown
– also known as digestion
– enzymes
• (5) absorption
– digested food particles moved into blood
• (6) defecation
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Activities of Digestion
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Layers of the Alimentary Canal
• mucosa
– innermost layer
– adjacent to lumen
• submucosa
– below mucosa
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Layers of the Alimentary Canal
• muscularis externa
– circular muscle
– longitudinal muscle
• serosa
– outermost layer
– peritoneum
• visceral
• parietal
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Layers of the Alimentary Canal
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. Mechanical breakdown decreases the surface
area of food.
2. The mucosa is adjacent to the lumen.
3. Peritoneum is serosa.
4. In absorption, digested food moves into the blood.
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Digestive Organs and Their Functions
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the oral cavity
the nasal cavity
teeth and gums
salivary glands
pharynx
esophagus
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Digestive Organs and Their Functions
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stomach
small intestine
liver and gallbladder
pancreas
large intestine
rectum, anal canal, and anus
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Digestive Organs and Their Functions
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The Oral Cavity
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lips
tongue
cheeks
palate
– hard
– soft
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The Nasal Cavity
• passageway for air
• uvula
– hangs from soft palate
– keeps food out of nasal cavity when swallowing
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Teeth and Gums
• gum
– gingiva
• teeth
– deciduous
– permanent
• incisor
• canine
• molar
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Anatomy of the Tooth
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Salivary Glands
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parotid
submandibular
sublingual
saliva
– water
– enzymes
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Pharynx
• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx
– glottis
– epiglottis
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Esophagus
• connects pharynx to stomach
• peristalsis
– muscle contraction changes size of tube
– food is moved through GI tract
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Stomach
• regions
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cardia
fundus
body
pyloric region
• three layers of
muscle
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Lining of the Stomach
• gastric gland
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mucus-secreting cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells
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Chemical Reactions in the Stomach
• protein-digesting enzymes
• chyme formation
• stomach contractions
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: canine, fundus,
parotid, esophagus.
1. region of stomach
2. connects pharynx to stomach
3. a type of tooth
4. a type of salivary gland
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Small Intestine
• segments
– duodenum
– jejunum
– ileum
• lining
– villi
– intestinal crypts
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Small Intestine
• chemical breakdown
– emulsification by bile
– break down by
enzymes
• absorption into the
blood
– from capillaries to the
blood
– lacteal to lymph
– vitamin B12
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Functions of the liver
• maintains nutrients in
blood
• converts one nutrient
to another
• stores nutrients
• inactivates toxins
• parts of the liver
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lobules
hepatocytes
blood vessels
bile canaliculi
bile salts
• hepatic portal vein
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Liver and Gallbladder
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The Gallbladder
• functions of the gallbladder
– stores bile produced by liver
– releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum
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Pancreas
• pancreatic juices
– contain digestive enzymes
• glucose regulation
– beta cells–insulin
– alpha cells–glucagon
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Large Intestine
• regions
– cecum
– colon
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ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid
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Rectum, Anal Canal, and Anus
• rectum
• anal canal
• anus
– sphincters
• internal
• external
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: jejunum, sigmoid,
beta cells, gallbladder.
1. a region of the colon
2. a region of the small intestine
3. stores bile
4. produce insulin
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Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 3
Disorders and Diseases
of the Digestive System
Objectives
• Describe some of the common disorders and
diseases of the digestive system.
• Explain the damage that gingivitis can do in the
oral cavity as well as throughout the entire body.
• Describe lifestyle changes that would lessen the
symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease.
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Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive
System
• gingivitis and periodontal disease
– plaque forms tarter
• cardiovascular disease
• gastroesophageal reflux disease
– heartburn
• ulcers
– Helicobacter pylori
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Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive
System
• gastroenteritis
– inflammation of stomach or intestine
• inflammatory bowel disease
– chronic inflammation
– ulcerative colitis
– Crohn’s disease
• constipation and diarrhea
– infrequent or too frequent defecation
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Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive
System
• hepatitis
– inflammation of liver
• pancreatitis
– inflammation of pancreas
• gallstones
– bile forms crystals
– cholecystectomy
• cancer
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– digestive system cancers
are common
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Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: tartar, gallstones, hepatitis,
or ulcers.
1. Helicobacter pylori causes _______________.
2. Inflammation of the liver is _______________.
3. Plaque forms _______________.
4. Crystals of bile are _______________.
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