Transcript 13 - Coach Eikrem's Website

13
The Digestive System
and Nutrition
Lesson 13.1: Nutrition
Lesson 13.2: Anatomy and Physiology
of the Digestive System
Lesson 13.3: Disorders and Diseases
of the Digestive System
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 13.2
Anatomy and Physiology
of the Digestive System
Anatomy and Physiology of the
Digestive System
• activities of digestion
• layers of the alimentary canal
• digestive organs and their functions
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Activities of Digestion
• (1) ingestion
– getting food into the body
• (2) propulsion
– moving food along GI tract
• (3) mechanical breakdown
– breaks food into smaller pieces
– increases surface area of food
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Activities of Digestion
• (4) chemical breakdown
– also known as digestion
– enzymes
• (5) absorption
– digested food particles moved into blood
• (6) defecation
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Activities of Digestion
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Layers of the Alimentary Canal
• mucosa
– innermost layer
– adjacent to lumen
• submucosa
– below mucosa
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Layers of the Alimentary Canal
• muscularis externa
– circular muscle
– longitudinal muscle
• serosa
– outermost layer
– peritoneum
• visceral
• parietal
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Layers of the Alimentary Canal
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. Mechanical breakdown decreases the surface
area of food.
2. The mucosa is adjacent to the lumen.
3. Peritoneum is serosa.
4. In absorption, digested food moves into the blood.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Digestive Organs and Their Functions
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Oral Cavity
•
•
•
•
lips
tongue
cheeks
palate
– hard
– soft
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Teeth and Gums
• gum
– gingiva
• teeth
– deciduous
– permanent
• incisor
• canine
• molar
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Anatomy of the Tooth
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Salivary Glands
•
•
•
•
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
saliva
– water
– enzymes
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Esophagus
• connects pharynx to stomach
• peristalsis
– muscle contraction changes size of tube
– food is moved through GI tract
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Stomach
• regions
–
–
–
–
cardia
fundus
body
pyloric region
• three layers of
muscle
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Lining of the Stomach
• gastric gland
–
–
–
–
mucus-secreting cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Chemical Reactions in the Stomach
• protein-digesting enzymes
• chyme formation
• stomach contractions
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: canine, fundus,
parotid, esophagus.
1. region of stomach
2. connects pharynx to stomach
3. a type of tooth
4. a type of salivary gland
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Small Intestine
• segments
– duodenum
– jejunum
– ileum
• lining
– villi
– intestinal crypts
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Small Intestine
• chemical breakdown
– emulsification by bile
– break down by
enzymes
• absorption into the
blood
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Liver
• functions of the liver
–
–
–
–
maintains nutrients in blood
converts one nutrient to another
stores nutrients
inactivates toxins
• hepatic portal vein
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Liver and Gallbladder
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Gallbladder
• functions of the gallbladder
– stores bile produced by liver
– releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Pancreas
• pancreatic juices
– contain digestive enzymes
• glucose regulation
– beta cells–insulin
– alpha cells–glucagon
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Large Intestine
• regions
– cecum
– colon
•
•
•
•
ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Rectum, Anal Canal, and Anus
• rectum
• anal canal
• anus
– sphincters
• internal
• external
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: jejunum, sigmoid,
beta cells, gallbladder.
1. a region of the colon
2. a region of the small intestine
3. stores bile
4. produce insulin
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 13.3
Disorders and Diseases
of the Digestive System
Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive
System
• gingivitis and periodontal disease
– plaque forms tarter
• cardiovascular disease
• gastroesophageal reflux disease
– heartburn
• ulcers
– Helicobacter pylori
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive
System
• gastroenteritis
– inflammation of stomach or intestine
• inflammatory bowel disease
– chronic inflammation
– ulcerative colitis
– Crohn’s disease
• constipation and diarrhea
– infrequent or too frequent defecation
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive
System
• hepatitis
– inflammation of liver
• pancreatitis
– inflammation of pancreas
• gallstones
– bile forms crystals
– cholecystectomy
• cancer
Roblan/Shutterstock.com
– digestive system cancers
are common
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: tartar, gallstones, hepatitis,
or ulcers.
1. Helicobacter pylori causes _______________.
2. Inflammation of the liver is _______________.
3. Plaque forms _______________.
4. Crystals of bile are _______________.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
14
The Urinary System
Lesson 14.1: Anatomy of the Kidney
Lesson 14.2: Urine Formation, Storage,
and Excretion
Lesson 14.3: Diseases and Disorders
of the Urinary System
Chapter 14: The Urinary System
Lesson 14.1
Anatomy of the Kidney
Anatomy of the Kidney
• kidney location and size
• anatomy of the kidney
• blood flow through the kidney
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Kidney Location and Size
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Anatomy of the Kidney
• renal cortex
– outer
• renal medulla
– middle
• renal pelvis
– inner
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Anatomy of the Kidney
• renal medulla
– pyramid
– columns
• ureter
• bladder
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Nerve and Blood Supply
•
•
•
•
20–25% of blood flows to kidneys
renal artery
renal vein
sympathetic nerve system
– renal nerve fibers
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Nephron
• basic working unit of each kidney
– Functions to filter blood. What is needed is reabsorbed.
What is not needed is excreted as water/urine.
• two main parts
– renal corpuscle (initial blood filtering)
• Glomerulus
• Bowman’s Capsule
– renal tubule
• Contains liquid to for kidney to filter
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Glomerulus
• glomerular capsule
– outer surface
• Podocytes – cells that wrap around bowman’s capsule
• filtration slits allow blood to transfer and filter
– inner surface
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Bowman’s Capsule
Bowman's capsule
is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron
A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac.
Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Renal Tubule
•
•
•
•
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
nephron loop (loop of Henle)
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
collecting duct
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Blood Flow through the Kidneys
•
•
•
•
•
•
renal artery
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
renal vein
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: nephrons, renal vein,
collecting duct, or podocytes.
1. The glomerular capsule contains
_______________.
2. The basic working unit of the kidney are the
_______________.
3. Blood leaves the kidney through the
_______________.
4. The _______________ is at the end of the tubule.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Chapter 14: The Urinary System
Lesson 14.2
Urine Formation, Storage,
and Excretion
Functions of the Urinary System
• urine formation
• urine storage
• urine excretion
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Urine Formation
• filtration
– water and solutes from capillary to glomerular capsular
space
• reabsorption
– water and solutes move from tubule to capillary
• secretion
– wastes in capillary pushed into tubule
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Urine Formation
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Filtration
• molecules smaller than
3 nanometers pushed
out of blood
• hydrostatic pressure
– caused by potential
energy
• osmotic pressure
– from dissolved
substances in water
• pressure controls
– constriction of arteries
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Reabsorption
• sodium
– actively pumped out by sodium-potassium pump
proteins
• secondary active transport
– glucose, amino acids, ions, vitamins
• osmotic pressure
– aquaporin channels
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Reabsorption
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Secretion
• maintain arterial blood pH at 7.4
– hydrogen ions
– bicarbonate ions
• some drugs secreted
– penicillin
– aspirin
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Renal Medulla
• nephron loop
– descending loop
• reabsorb water
– ascending loop
• reabsorb sodium
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Countercurrent Mechanism
• vasa recta
– movement of blood
• nephron loop
– movement of filtrate
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Hormonal Regulation of Urine Volume
and Composition
• aldosterone
– renin reacts to produce angiotensin
• atrial natriuretic peptide
– causes urine volume to increase
• antidiuretic hormone
– causes urine volume to decrease
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Urine Storage
• ureter
– kidney to bladder
• bladder
– stores urine
• urethra
– bladder to outside body
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Urine Storage
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Urine Excretion
• micturition
– urination
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. The ureter connects kidney to bladder.
2. ADH causes a decrease in urine production.
3. Sodium is reabsorbed in the ascending loop.
4. Sodium is reabsorbed in the descending loop.
5. Urination is also called micturition.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Chapter 14: The Urinary System
Lesson 14.3
Diseases and Disorders
of the Urinary System
Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary
System
•
•
•
•
•
•
assessing renal function
diabetes
chronic kidney disease
renal dialysis
kidney stones
urinary tract infections
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Assessing Renal Function
• physical characteristics of urine
– pH range 4.5–8.0
• chemical composition of urine
– 95% water, 5% waste
• glomerular filtration rate
– estimate with creatinine concentration in blood
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Diabetes
• diabetes mellitus
– Measured via glucose in urine
– type I, type II diabetes
• diabetes insipidus
– large amount of dilute urine (too much water)
– ADH not made or not used
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Normal Blood Glucose and Blood
Insulin Levels
• carbohydrate digestion leads to an increase in
blood glucose level
• increase in blood glucose level causes the
pancreas to secrete insulin
• increase in blood insulin level causes
–
–
–
–
liver glucose uptake
liver conversion of glucose to glycogen
skeletal muscle glucose uptake
skeletal muscle conversion of glucose to glycogen
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Chronic Kidney Disease
• kidney damage
• glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min for at
least 3 months
• develops slowly
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Renal Dialysis
• hemodialysis
– Dialyzer
An artificial kidney designed to provide controllable transfer
of solutes and water across a semi permeable membrane
separating flowing blood and dialysate streams.
• peritoneal dialysis
– dialysis solution
– peritoneum acts as dialysis membrane – things filter
across and out of the body.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary
System
• kidney stones
– calcium, magnesium, or uric acid
• urinary tract infection
– Cystitis
– more common in women than men
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: diabetes mellitus,
kidney stone, hemodialysis, urinary tract infection.
1. made of calcium, magnesium, or uric acid
2. cystitis
3. glucose in urine
4. uses a dialyzer
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.