Transcript File
13 The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.1: Nutrition Lesson 13.2: Anatomy & Physiology Lesson 13.3: Disorders & Diseases Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.1 Nutrition Nutrition • • • • Energy Macronutrients Vitamins Minerals © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Energy • Measuring the body’s energy use – Calories – Kilocalories • Basal metabolic rate – Energy required for one day at rest – Varies by individual © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Macronutrients, Vitamins, and Minerals • Nutrients – Substances needed for • Energy • Growth • Maintenance Tischenko Irina/Shutterstock.com © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nutrients • • • • • Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids (fats) Vitamins Minerals © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Carbohydrates • • • • Sugars Starches 1 gram = 4 Calories ½ of daily caloric intake © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Proteins • Made of amino acids • Essential amino acids – Must be part of diet • Nonessential amino acids – Body can make • 1 gram = 4 Calories • ¼ of daily caloric intake © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lipids • Fats • Saturated fats • Unsaturated fats – Monounsaturated fats – Polyunsaturated fats – Trans-unsaturated fats © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Fats • 1 gram = 9 Calories • Minimize trans & saturated fat intake • <¼ of daily caloric intake © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Vitamins • Chemicals needed for proper metabolism • Types of vitamins – Fat-soluble • Stored in the body – Water-soluble • Not stored in the body • Vitamin deficiency © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Minerals • Elements needed for proper body function • Examples – Calcium – Potassium – Iron © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Water-Soluble Vitamins © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Fat-Soluble Vitamins © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Minerals © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.2 Digestive System Anatomy & Physiology Digestive System – Anatomy & Physiology • Activities of digestion • Layers of the alimentary canal • Digestive organs & their functions © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Activities of Digestion 1. Ingestion – 2. Propulsion – 3. Enzymes Absorption – 6. Breaks food into smaller pieces Chemical breakdown – 5. Moving food along GI tract Mechanical breakdown – 4. Getting food into the body Digested food particles moved into blood Defecation © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Layers of the Alimentary Canal • Mucosa – Innermost layer • Submucosa – Below mucosa • Muscularis externa – Circular muscle • Serosa – Outermost layer © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Digestive Organs & Their Functions • Oral cavity • Nasal cavity • Teeth & gums • Salivary glands • Pharynx • Esophagus © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Oral Cavity • • • • Lips Tongue Cheeks Palate – Hard – Soft © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nasal Cavity • Passageway for air • Uvula – Keeps food out of nasal cavity when swallowing © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Teeth & Gums • Gum – Gingiva • Teeth – Deciduous – Permanent • Incisor • Canine • Molar © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Salivary Glands • Parotid • Submandibular • Sublingual • Saliva – Water – Enzymes © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pharynx • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx – Glottis – Epiglottis © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Esophagus • Connects pharynx to stomach • Peristalsis – Muscle contraction changes size of tube © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Digestive Organs & Their Functions • Stomach • Small intestine • Liver & gallbladder • Pancreas • Large intestine • Rectum & anus © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Stomach • Regions – – – – Cardia Fundus Body Pyloric region © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lining of the Stomach • Gastric gland – – – – Mucus-secreting cells Parietal cells Chief cells Enteroendocrine cells © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chemical Reactions in the Stomach • Protein-digesting enzymes • Chyme formation • Stomach contractions © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Small Intestine • Segments – Duodenum – Jejunum – Ileum • Lining – Villi © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Small Intestine • Chemical breakdown – Emulsification by bile – Break down by enzymes • Absorption into the blood – From capillaries to the blood © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Liver • Functions – – – – Maintains nutrients in blood Converts one nutrient to another Stores nutrients Inactivates toxins • Hepatic portal vein • Parts of the liver – – – – Lobules Hepatocytes Blood vessels Bile salts © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Gallbladder • Functions – Stores bile produced by liver – Releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pancreas • Pancreatic juices – Contain digestive enzymes • Glucose regulation – Beta cells = insulin – Alpha cells = glucagon © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Large Intestine • Regions – Cecum – Colon • • • • Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Rectum, Anal Canal, and Anus • Rectum • Anal canal • Anus – Sphincters • Internal • External © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.3 Digestive System Disorders & Diseases Digestive System - Disorders & Diseases • Gingivitis and periodontal disease – Plaque forms tarter • Gastroesophageal reflux disease – Heartburn • Ulcers – Helicobacter pylori © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Digestive System - Disorders & Diseases • Gastroenteritis – Inflammation of stomach or intestine • Inflammatory bowel disease – Chronic inflammation – Crohn’s disease • Constipation and diarrhea – Infrequent or frequent defecation © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Digestive System - Disorders & Diseases • Hepatitis – Inflammation of liver • Pancreatitis – Inflammation of pancreas • Gallstones – Bile forms crystals • Cancer – Digestive system cancers are common © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.