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13 The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.1: Nutrition Lesson 13.2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Lesson 13.3: Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.1 Nutrition Nutrition • energy • macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Energy=The ability of a system to do work Heat, Chemical, Kinetic, Potential • measuring the body’s energy use • Usually about the capacity to produce heat – Calories (C) • the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1Kg of H20 by 1 degree C – kilocalories • Metabolism- sum of the activities that keep you alive • basal metabolic rate – energy required for one day at rest ( in C) – varies by individual ( age, gender, height, BMI, fat % • EX: a 150 pound adult with 25% body fat has a BMR of 1500 C per day – – – – We require 20-70% more calories than BMR based on activity level Moderately active 14-18 M need 2400-2800, F need 2000 Highly active M need 3200, F need 2400 Sedentary? © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Macronutrients, Vitamins, and Minerals • nutrients – substances needed for • energy • growth • maintenance Tischenko Irina/Shutterstock.com © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nutrients • Macronutrients – carbohydrates – proteins – fats (lipids) • Micronutrients – vitamins • Organic compounds needed to regulate processes – minerals • Elements like Ca and Fe required to maintain good health © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Carbohydrates • • • • sugars starches 1 gram supplies 4 Calories one half of daily caloric intake should be from carbohydrates • No More than 25% of that should be from sugars © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Proteins • made of amino acids (20) • essential amino acids (9) – must be part of diet • nonessential amino acids – body can make (12) • one gram supplies 4 Calories • one quarter of daily caloric intake from proteins Joshua Resnick/Shutterstock.com © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Fats • Lipids- oils and fats • saturated fats- animal products, coconut and palm oil • Unsaturated- plant based – monounsaturated fats- canola and olive oil – polyunsaturated fats- corn/ soybean oils – trans-unsaturated fats (trans fats)- artificially produced © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Fats • one gram supplies 9 Calories • minimize trans and saturated fat intake – Replace with monounsaturated fats • less than 25–35% of total calories from fat © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Vitamins • chemicals needed for proper metabolism • types of vitamins – fat-soluble • may be stored in the adipose tissue • Not excreted- too much can be toxic – water-soluble • are not stored in the body • Are excreted in urine (color) • Coenzymes with protein- see pg 457 • vitamin deficiency- long term lack © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Minerals • elements needed for proper body function – AMOUNTS VARY BY MINERAL • examples – – – – – Calcium- bone Potassium- heart/ muscles Iron- oxygen transport Phosphorus- bone Sodium- 1000/1500/3400 © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Water-Soluble Vitamins © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Fat-Soluble Vitamins © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Minerals © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System • activities of digestion • layers of the alimentary canal • digestive organs and their functions © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Activities of Digestion • (1) ingestion – getting food into the body • (2) propulsion – moving food along GI tract • (3) mechanical breakdown – breaks food into smaller pieces – increases surface area of food • (4) chemical breakdown – also known as digestion – enzymes • (5) absorption – digested food particles moved into blood • (6) defecation © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Layers of the Alimentary Canal • mucosa – innermost layer – adjacent to lumen • submucosa – below mucosa • muscularis externa – circular muscle – longitudinal muscle • serosa – outermost layer – peritoneum • visceral • parietal © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Layers of the Alimentary Canal © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Digestive Organs and Their Functions • • • • • • • • the oral cavity the nasal cavity teeth and gums salivary glands pharynx Esophagus stomach small intestine – liver and gallbladder – pancreas • large intestine • rectum, anal canal, and anus © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Digestive Organs and Their Functions © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Oral Cavity • • • • lips tongue cheeks palate – hard – soft © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Nasal Cavity • passageway for air • uvula – hangs from soft palate – keeps food out of nasal cavity when swallowing © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Teeth and Gums • gum – gingiva • teeth – deciduous – permanent • incisor • canine • molar © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Anatomy of the Tooth © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Salivary Glands • • • • parotid submandibular sublingual saliva – water – enzymes © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pharynx • nasopharynx • oropharynx • laryngopharynx – glottis – epiglottis © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Esophagus • connects pharynx to stomach • peristalsis – muscle contraction changes size of tube – food is moved through GI tract © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Stomach • regions – – – – cardia fundus body pyloric region • three layers of muscle © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lining of the Stomach • gastric gland – – – – mucus-secreting cells parietal cells chief cells enteroendocrine cells • protein-digesting enzymes • chyme formation • stomach contractions © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Small Intestine • segments – duodenum – jejunum – ileum • lining – villi – intestinal crypts © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Small Intestine • chemical breakdown – emulsification by bile – break down by enzymes • absorption into the blood – from capillaries to the blood – lacteal to lymph – vitamin B12 © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Liver • functions of the liver – maintains nutrients in blood, converts one nutrient to another – stores nutrients and inactivates toxins • hepatic portal vein • parts of the liver – lobules – hepatocytes – blood vessels – bile canaliculi – bile salts • functions of the gallbladder – stores bile produced by liver – releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Liver and Gallbladder © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pancreas • pancreatic juices – contain digestive enzymes • glucose regulation – beta cells–insulin – alpha cells–glucagon © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Large Intestine • regions – cecum – colon • • • • ascending transverse descending sigmoid © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Rectum, Anal Canal, and Anus • rectum • anal canal • anus – sphincters • internal • external © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.3 Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System • gingivitis and periodontal disease – plaque forms tarter • cardiovascular disease • gastroesophageal reflux disease – heartburn • ulcers – Helicobacter pylori © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System • gastroenteritis – inflammation of stomach or intestine • inflammatory bowel disease – chronic inflammation – ulcerative colitis – Crohn’s disease • constipation and diarrhea – infrequent or too frequent defecation © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System • hepatitis – inflammation of liver • pancreatitis – inflammation of pancreas • gallstones – bile forms crystals – cholecystectomy • cancer Roblan/Shutterstock.com – digestive system cancers are common © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: tartar, gallstones, hepatitis, or ulcers. 1. Helicobacter pylori causes _______________. 2. Inflammation of the liver is _______________. 3. Plaque forms _______________. 4. Crystals of bile are _______________. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.