Transcript Unit 2 Population PPT

Population
Geography
NGHS APHG
Population Geography
Elements of Population Geography (focuses on spatial
aspects of demography)
 Demography (study of population)
 Population Distribution
 Population Density
 Arithmetic Population Density
 Physiologic Density
 Rate of Natural Increase (the excess of births of deaths –
omitting migration)
 Growth Rate (Natural increase + Net Migration)

Population Terms
 Demography
- the study of population
characteristics
 Overpopulation- when the available
resources cannot support the
number of people
 Density - How many? The total
number of people
Demography
 The
study of human populations, particularly
the size, distribution, and characteristics of
members of population groups.
Distribution and Density
Population Growth
0
AD
 1803 AD
 1903 AD
 1950 AD
 1987 AD
 1998 AD
250 Million People
1 Billion People
1.6 Billion People
3.0 Billion People
5.0 Billion People
6.0 Billion People
The World and the Top 10

World
China
 India
 United States
 Indonesia
 Brazil
 Pakistan
 Bangladesh
 Russia
 Nigeria
 Japan

6,602,224,175
1,321,851,888
1,129,866,154
301,139,947
234,693,997
190,010,647
164,741,924
150,448,339
141,377,752
138,898,084
127,690,000
TODAY
Population Distribution –
Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where
individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live.
Dot Map of World Population –
On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people
Countries are displayed by size of population rather than land
area. Countries named have at least 50 million people.
World Population Clusters
of the world’s population
are concentrated in four regions:
 Two-thirds
1. East Asia (East China, Japan, S. Korea, Taiwan)
- ¼ of world population here
2. South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)
- bound by the Himalayas and a desert in
Pakistan
3. Europe
- population is concentrated in cities
4. North America
- megalopolis
Ecumene
 The
portion of the Earth’s surface occupied
by permanent human settlement
 Increased over time
 ¾ of world population lives on only 5% of
the Earth’s surface
Population Distribution


Densely populated regions
– Low lands
– Fertile soil
– Temperate climate
Sparsely Populated Regions
– dry lands
– wet lands
– high lands
– cold lands
Density
Arithmetic
Density
Physiological Density
Agricultural Density
Arithmetic Density: The total number of
people divided by the total land area.
Arithmetic
Density: The total number of
people / area of land measured in km² or mi²
Crude density, also called arithmetic density, is the total number of people
divided by the total land area.
Physiological
Density: The number of people per
unit of area of arable land, which is land
suitable for agriculture.
Physiological
Density: The number of people per
unit of area of arable land, which is land
suitable for agriculture.
Physiologic
Population Density
•Arithmetic Density=
192/ sq.mi.
•Physiological Density=
6,682 /sq. mi.
Egypt’s arable lands are
along the Nile River Valley.
Moving away from the river a
few blocks, the land becomes
sandy and wind-sculpted.
Egypt’s population distribution is closely linked to the proximity of
water. In the north, the population clusters along the Mediterranean
and in the interior, along the banks of the Nile River. (2004)

Agricultural Density: The number of farmers to
the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
Population Characteristics
World Population Growth
Birth rate (b) − death rate (d) = rate of natural increase (r)
Population Characteristics
 Crude
Birth Rate (CBR)
 Crude Death Rate (CDR)
 Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
 Doubling Time
 Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Population Characteristics
 Crude
Birth Rate : The total number of
live births in a year for every 1,000
people alive in the society.
– Crude Birth Rate = Births in a year
1000 people
Crude
Birth Rate : The total number of live births in a
year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Population Characteristics
 Crude
Death Rate : The total number
of deaths in a year for every 1,000
people alive in the society.
– Crude Death Rate = Deaths in a year
1000 people
Crude
Death Rate : The total number of
deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in
the society.
Population Characteristics
 Natural
Increase: The percentage
growth of a population in a year,
computed as the crude birth rate minus
the crude death rate.
– not including migration
– usually measured in percentages (out of
100)
– Rate of Natural Increase = Natural Increase x 100
Population
Natural
Increase: The percentage growth of a
population in a year, computed as the crude birth
rate minus the crude death rate.
Natural Increase
 USA
Population RNI
– 0.6%
 Nepal's
Population RNI
– 2.4%
 What
do these numbers imply?
Population Characteristics
 Doubling
Time: The number of years
needed to double a population,
assuming a constant rate of natural
increase.
Population Characteristics
 Total
Fertility Rate: The average number of
children a woman will have throughout
her childbearing years.
 Infant
Mortality Rate: annual number of
deaths of infants under age 1, compared to
total live births
– IMR = Infant(less than 1 year) deaths
1000 live births
Infant
Mortality Rate: - the number of
deaths of children under the age of 1, per
thousand of
the general population.
Population Characteristics
 Life
Expectancy : The average number of
years an individual can be expected to live,
given current social, economic, and
medical conditions.
Life Expectancy at Birth in 2003
Men
Women
US
74
80
Japan
78
85
Nepal
59
58
Kenya
46
46
France
76
83
Life
Expectancy : The average number of years an
individual can be expected to live, given current
social, economic, and medical conditions.
A Population Bomb?
 Thomas
–
–
–
–
–
Malthus (1766-1834, England)
--Felt population growing exponentially
and resources growing linearly
--Believed people needed to practice
”moral restraint” to lower CBR or
disaster to increase CDR in order to
solve population problem
Neo-Malthusians
 Two
recent issues that invigorate Malthus
thought:
– 1. many countries experiencing population growth
due to transfer of medical technology
– 2. new population “stripping” world of resources
 Ehrlich
(1960s)
– warned of a population bomb in 1970s and 1980s
because the world’s population was outpacing food
production.
– No bomb, no starving! Could there still be something
learned from Ehhrlich’s thoughts?
Critics of Malthus
 Resources
are not fixed: possibilism and
technology
 Lack o food have to do with distribution of
wealth rather than insufficient food
 Population growth can stimulate economic
growth
– More people=more consumers, more creativity
Demographic Transition
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
Demographic Transition - the change in population characteristics of
a country to reflect medical technology or economic and social
development.
Demographic Transition - Stage 1
 High
Birth Rate
– Agricultural society
 High
Death Rate
– Epidemics and plagues
– Famine
– War
 Low
Natural Increase Rate
 Stationary population growth
Demographic Transition - Stage 1
 Today,
no country in the world is in
Stage 1.
Demographic Transition - Stage 2
 High
Birth Rate
 Declining Death Rate
– Industrial Revolution:
 agricultural
improvements
 medical advancements
 High
Natural Increase Rate
 High expanding population growth
Demographic Transition - Stage 2
 Europe
and North America entered
Stage 2 in the 1800s
 Africa, Asia and Latin America entered
into Stage 2 in the early to mid 1900s
– European colonization brought medical
advancements
 Current
Examples: Afghanistan, Many
Sub-Saharan African countries
Demographic Transition - Stage 3

Declining Birth Rate
–
–
–
–
Urbanization
Wealth
Education
Contraceptives
Low Death Rate
 Low Natural Increase Rate
 Slow expanding population growth

Demographic Transition - Stage 3
 Europe
and North America entered Stage 3
in first half of 1900s
 Many countries in Latin America and Asia
entered Stage 3 in the second half of the
1900s
 Current Examples: Mexico, Panama, South
Africa
Demographic Transition - Stage 4

Low Birth Rate
– Low TFR
– Women highly involved in education and workforce
Low Death Rate
 Low to no Natural Increase Rate
 Stationary Population Growth

 This
stage reflects a highly industrialized,
educated society.
Demographic Transition - Stage 4
 Current
Examples:
– Many European countries (Italy, France)
– United States
– Japan
Stage 5?
Demographic Transition Model
 Draw
–
–
–
–
–
it!
Stages: 1-5 and growth
CBR
CDR
NIR
Total Population
Population Pyramids
Dependency Ratio
The
number of people who are
too young or too old to work,
compared to the number of
people in their productive years
Dependency Ratio
 0-14
= Dependents
 15-64 = Workers
 64+ = Dependents

DR = Number of Dependents (0-15 and 65+) X 100
Number of Working-age (16-64)
Population
under the age of 15 - usually shown
as a percentage of the total population of a country
- dependency age is 0-15
Sex Ratio
 Sex
Ratio: number of males per
hundred females
 In general more males are born than
females
 Males have higher death rates
 Examples:
– Europe and North America = 95:100
– Rest of World = 102:100
Sex Ratio – Developing Countries
large % of young people –where
males generally outnumber females
 Lower % of older people – where
females are typically more numerous
 High immigration = more males
 Have
Population Pyramids
A
country’s stage in Demographic
Transition gives it a distinctive population
structure
 Also called
Age-Sex Pyramids
Population Pyramid
 Population
composition on graph:
– Males = left side of the vertical axis
– Females = right side of the vertical axis
– Age = order sequentially with youngest
at the bottom and oldest at the top
(usually by five-year cohorts)
Rapid Growth
 A country
in stage 2 of the Demographic
Transition Model
 Large number of young people and a
smaller older population
Slow Growth
A
country in stage 4 of the Demographic
Transition Model
 Large number of “older people”
 Smaller % of young people
No Growth
 End
of stage 4, entering Stage 5
 Large number of “older people”
 Very small % of young people
Developing
(poor)
Relatively Developed
Developed
(rich)
What stage goes with each pyramid?
National
Scale
Population Control
Epidemiological Transition Model
 Stage
1
– Epidemics: Infectious and parasitic diseases,
famine
– Ex: Black Plague
 Stage
2
– Receding Pandemics
– Ex: Cholera
Epidemiological Transition Model

Stage 3
– Degenerative and human-created disease
– Ex: Cardiovascular disease and Cancer

Stage 4
– Delayed degenerative diseases
– Ex: Alzheimer's, Diabetes

Stage 5?
– Reemerging infectious and
parasitic disease
– Ex: Malaria, TB, SARS, AIDS
AIDS/HIV+
 2001world
distribution:
– 28 million in Sub-Saharan Africa
– 7 million in Asia (India, China, SE Asia)
– 2 million in Latin America (Caribbean-Haiti)
 Sub-Saharan
Africa
– 70% of HIV cases
– Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia,
South Africa
– Increase death rates
– Declining life expectancy
Expansive Population Policies
 Communist
Societies
– Soviet Union
– China – Mao Zedong
 European
countries: NOW
– Tax incentives
– Sweden
 Cash
payments, tax incentives, job leave, work hour
flexibility lasting up to 8 years after birth
 Short baby boom, but led to issues
Eugenic Population Policies
 Favoring
one racial or cultural sector of the
population over the others
– Tax discrimination, allocation of resources,
favoritism
 Examples
– Nazi Germany
– Japan?
– USA?
Restrictive Population Policies
 Reducing
the rate of natural increase
through a range of means
– China: “One-child” policy: Income bonuses, Better
health care benefits, Better retirement pensions, Priority
in housing
Solutions to Population Growth
 Empowerment
of Women
– $ for contraception & education
– Changing cultural norms to value girls
 Diffusion
of Birth Control Policies
– Educating men
w/ responsibility
for birth control
– Sterilization
Solutions to Population Growth
 Addressing
traditional religious values
that may encourage gender preference
and large families
 Redistribution of wealth - improve
standard of living for poor so that
children aren’t as necessary
– Improving farming techniques in poor
areas
– Starvation, Malnourishment
Solutions to Population Growth
technology –
costs of maintaining
vulnerable populations
(old & young)
 Medical
 Addressing
government policies to deal
with their growing populations
Something to think about…

Is population control funded by MDCs ethical in
LDCs?
–
–
–
–
–
–

Population control v. culture
Birth control?
Sterilization?
Abortion?
Sex determination?
Incentives: Money, food, clothing?
Is population control funded by MDCs needed to
keep mass amounts of people in the LDCs out of
poverty?