Transcript 7r midterm review

7R MIDTERM REVIEW
Primary Source
• Historical Documents, written accounts by a
firsthand witness, or object that has survived from
the past
Five Themes of Geography
• Movement- the movement of people , ideas, goods, and
physical forces
• Region- an area that has one or more features that make
it different from surrounding areas
• Location- Where is it? Exact location and relative location
• Interaction-interaction with the environment
• Place- the things that make a place unique, weather,
plants , animals, history
1. What are lines of latitude?
A. Lines that run parallel
B. Measure the distance North and
South of the Equator in degrees º
C. Equator-imaginary line that
circles the globe halfway between
North and South Pole 0º Latitude
D. 90ºN-North Pole, 90 º S-South
Pole
2. What are lines of longitude?
A. Called Meridians
B. Pass through poles, measure distance
East and West of Prime Meridian
C. Prime Meridian-imaginary lines that
represent 0º Longitude
D. Meridians West of Prime Meridian to 180 º
labeled West, East of the Prime Meridian to
180º labeled East
E. Prime Meridian and Equator divide the
world into hemispheres
Culture
• The common values and traditions of a
society, such as language, government,
family, and food
Land Bridge Theory
• Ice Age-long periods of cold climate
• B. Last Ice Age-18,000 years ago
• C. Buildup of glaciers-ocean levels to drop 400 feet
• D. Underwater lands exposed
• E. Bering Straits-separates Alaska from Siberia-as
result from drop in sea level-land bridge appeared
Geography
• Is the study of the worlds people and
places
Archaeology
• Archaeology is the scientific study of past
cultures and the way people lived based on
the things they left behind
Economics
• The study of how people use their
resources
8 Physical Regions
Hawaiian Islands-far out in Pacific, tops of volcano
• Coastal Plains- Between Atlantic Ocean and Appalachian
Mts, wet, good for farming
• Intermountain Range- West, between Rockies and Sierra
Nevada Mtns, High plateaus
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• Deserts-dry and hot
Physical Regions
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Sierra Nevadas
Mountain range that lies inland from the Pacific Coast
Rocky Mountains
Mountain range in western North America. Stretch 3,000 miles
Many peaks reach above timberline, with snowcapped rock, windwhipped tundra, and thin air
Interior Plains
Broad expanse of flat grassland east of Rocky Mountains
Soil is fertile, flatness makes it easier to farm.
Good grazing for livestock.
Appalachian Mountains
Mountain range that runs along the Eastern U.S. from NY to GA
Mostly low and gentle. Covered in deep, thick, dense forest.
Pacific Coast
Area of flat, low-lying land adjacent to a seacoast, separated from the
interior by other features.
Mestizos
• People of Indian and Spanish Heritage
Peninsula
• An area of land surrounded on 3 sides by
water
• Example: Florida
Effects of European Exploration
• Effect-spread of Disease
• Result- Millions of Native populations died from
smallpox. Over 90% of Native populations
destroyed
Crusades
• Made Europeans aware of the riches of the
East
• Increased trade between Western Europe
and Eastern Mediterranean countries
• After- dominated by Muslims
The Renaissance
• Encourage people to think about the world
• Desire for Knowledge
• Desire to learn about the world
• Commercial Revolution
• The Printing Press helps spread new ideas
Hmmm, I
wonder
Columbus: The Facts
“In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean
blue”
 Columbus, who sailed for King Ferdinand
and Queen Isabella of Spain, was looking
for a route to the East by sailing west
The Columbian Exchange
• The worldwide exchange of goods and
ideas that transformed peoples lives
around the globe. Included resources,
plants, animals and technology. The
exchange went in both directions between
the Old World(Europe, Africa) and the New
World (Americas)
Dutch and New Netherlands
• Dutch founded New Netherland in 1613
• Peter Stuyvesant was Governor
• 1664 English capture the undefended
colony and Stuyvesant surrenders without
a shot
JAMESTOWN
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named a royal colony
in 1624
Legislature formed
called the House of
Burgesses
Given a representative
in Parliament
Grew quickly and class
structure formed
Tobacco growing
flourished
• House of Burgesses- the first colonial
assembly in the colonies
• Members selected by the people
• Representative Assembly- is a political
institution in which a number of persons are
voted in to representing the people
Mercantilism
• A colony provides raw materials to the
mother country to be manufactured into
some consumer products
• The colony exists to benefit the mother
country
Middle Passage
• The voyage across the Atlantic that
enslaved Africans were forced to endure
• Mayflower Compact- Document
establishing guideline to self
government, written by Pilgrims
Pennsylvania and William Penn
• A. William Penn-leader of Quakers
• B. Quakers refused to support Church of England,
pay taxes, or serve in the army
• C. King Charles II owed Penn’s father money and
gave Penn land in North America
John Peter Zenger
• New York printer arrested for writing articles
• Was charged and put on trial for articles he
wrote
• Strengthened Freedom of the Press
Indentured Servants
• People who came to the colonies in
exchange for passage and work
• Usually for terms of 5 to 7 years
Cash Crops
• Crops old for money
• Examples: Tobacco
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Indigo
Rice
Cotton
Georgia
• Established in 1713
• Founded by Gen. James Oglethorpe as a buffer between
the British and Spanish (in Florida)
• Also used as a debtor’s colony (criminals and convicts
from GBR)
Albany Plan Of Union
• Ben Franklins Plan to unite the colonies
during the French and Indian War
Join, or Die Political Cartoon by Benjamin Franklin
A political cartoon calling for American colonies to band together for
protection against Indians and the French. First published in the
Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754.
French and Indian War
• A. Ohio River Valley-lush and fertile
• B. Both Britain and France claimed the land
• C. 1753-French troops built forts in the valley
• D. Virginia Governor sent George Washington to tell the
French to leave, but they didn’t
Navigation Acts
• Set of laws that controlled trade
between England and the colonies
Thomas Paine and Common Sense
• Colonists were greatly
influenced by the 1776
publication of the
pamphlet Common
Sense by Thomas Paine.
• He wrote that it is
ridiculous for the
American colonies
occupying a great
continent, to be ruled by
a tiny island like Britain.
Declaration Of Independence
• A. People have the right to “Life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness.”
• B. Governments receive their power from the people
(social contract).
• C. When the government does not protect those rights, it
is the right of the people to alter or abolish it.
Definition
Triangular Trade:
Trade routes between
Africa, Europe and the
Americas during the
Atlantic Slave Trade.