Transcript The Crusades

The Crusades
and
the
Age of
Faith
Roman
Catholic
Church
(W. Europe)
Greek
Orthodox
Church
(Byzantium)
•Both Christian
•Coexisted but were at odds
Meanwhile in byzantium…
Seljuk Turks = Sunni Muslims expanding their empire
•Took Baghdad
•Persecuted
Arab Muslims
•Gained
Persian
support
•Marched on
Byzantium
1071
•Less of a
threat since
• Threatened Constantinople?
A Plea for Help
I, Alexius Comnenus, ask for
your help…
•Christians are
suffering
•Turks are a threat to
all Christendom
•If you help, you could
get spoils
Pope Urban’s Response
• We must protect Christians
on pilgrimages
• All Christendom will be
Roman Catholic!
• I’ll be the leader of it all!
• There are too many feudal
rivalries & too many unruly
knights
• I can harness all this martial
energy for the good of the
Church…
Call to Crusade
Clermont
•Pope Urban calls
for a “just” war
to reclaim Holy
Land from Muslim
Turks
•Jerusalem would
be reclaimed
Answering the call
Religious
zeal!
Adventure
!
Salvation!
Sins are
cleansed
Spoils!
Opportunity
for land and
riches
Come !! Nobles,
knights, & peasants
Peasant’s Crusade
• ≈ 30,000-50,000
peasants
(numbers vary)
• Pogroms against
Jews
• Only ½ - ⅔
cross to Asia
Minor
• Many peasants
slaughtered,
taken as slaves
st
1
The
Crusade
Nobles & Knights
• Took > 1 year
to cross Asia
Minor
• ¾ lost before
reaching the
Holy Land
• < 12,000 reach
Antioch
•
•
•
•
6 month siege
Turkish relief armies attacked unsuccessfully
Turkish traitor opened Antioch’s Bridge Gate
Thousands of soldiers and citizens massacred
Jerusalem Falls
•Crusaders outnumbered
5 to 1
• Supply ships arrived
•Siege equipment built
•All non-Christians
slaughtered
Antioch
Outremer:
Edessa
Tripoli
the crusader
states
• ≈ 400 miles
• 4 feudal states
carved out
•All vulnerable to
Muslim attack
Jerusalem
•Held for 200
years
1
1
4
4
Fall of Edessa
•Sunni leader Zengi
captured city
•All massacred in
retalitation to
barbaric treatment of
Muslims by Crusaders
•Victory led to a
renewed call for jihad
Jihad
•Jihad = performing the
will of Allah by fighting
enemies of Islam
•Last carried out in
7th-8th centuries
•Renewed by stories of
Crusader atrocities
against Muslims
nd
2
Crusade
•Pope Eugenious calls
for Crusade to recapture
lost Crusader State of
Edessa
•Crusaders try to take
Damascus, but Muslims
hold out
•2nd Crusade ends in
disaster
Saladin
•United Muslim
world in holy war
against
Crusaders
•Won decisive
battle after
setting trap at
Horns of Hattin
1187
•Jerusalem
surrenders to
Saladin
without
bloodshed
1187
•By 1190,
almost all
Outremer was
Muslim
Horns of Hattin
Saladin: 12,000 Knights
+ army
Crusaders: 1,000 knights +
20,000 foot soldiers
rd
3
Crusade
• 1191: Richard
captured Acre
•Proclaimed to save
remnants of
Christendom in Holy
Land
-3,000 Muslims
executed in sight of
Muslim army
Richard the
Lionheart
• Attempts to
recapture
Jerusalem
failed
Frederick Barbarossa
Truce
•Jerusalem
remained Muslim
•Christians could
safely visit city’s
holy places
•Crusaders held
Tripoli, Antioch,
coastal land
th
4
Crusade
•Called by pope innocent III
•To reclaim Jerusalem, →
Egypt
•Crusaders caught in
venetian & byzantine
politics
•Crusaders end up
invading Constantinople
•Caused > breach btwn r.
Catholic & Orthodox
churches
Children’s Crusade
•Cloyes, a 12-yr old,
had vision
1212
•Wanted to shame
Muslims into
returning Holy Land
•Organized Crusade
of ≈ 9,000 children
•Children departed,
unarmed
•Marseilles
merchants ferried
children to Holy
Land
•2 more ships sold
children into slavery
•Storm at sea sank
2 ships
Later Crusades
• Aimed at
Fatimid
(Shi’ite)
Muslims
of North
Africa
•Led by
King
Louis IX
(later
sainted)
•All were unsuccessful
Effects of the Crusades
Opened the door for …
•New ideas
•Trade, new trade routes
•Growth of towns
•Increased geographic knowledge
•Gold standard/increased use of
money
•Rise of nationalism
Agriculture
BETTER FARMING METHODS
• Horse -drawn plow - New harness
• 3-Field system
• 1 winter, 1 summer, 1 fallow
• Caused population growth
Trade & Finance
New Trade Routes
• Europe ⃡ italy
• italy ⃡ Mediterranean
Guilds
• controlled crafts, trade
• Made up of artisans
- apprentice ⃗ journeyman
• Italy ⃡ North Africa
• population shift ⃗
towns
- journeyman ⃗ master
• › need for cash
• Jews ⃗ Moneylending
⃗ breakdown of feudal system
Benefits of the Crusades
Education
• universities
Philosophy
• Thomas
Aquinas
Literature
• Chaucer,
Dante
Medicine