Transcript NOTES- Chapter 15 Powerpoint - Monmouth Regional High School

Middle Ages and the PlagueIntroduction
• High Middle Ages (1000-1300)
 Period of political, economic, intellectual, and
artistic expansion
• Late Middle Ages/Renaissance (1300s-1700s)
 Hundred Years’ War
 Black Death
 Schism within church
 Ottomans capture Constantinople
 Renaissance (art and learning)
 Beginnings of nationalism
Otto I and Revival of Empire
• Otto I “the Great” (936-973)
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Put family in charge of Bavaria, Swabia, Franconia
Invaded Italy
Defeated Hungarians at Lechfeld, 955
Secured German borders
• Enlisted church in rebuilding program
 Bishops and abbots made agents of the king
 Pope John XII (955-964)
-Crowned Otto emperor, 962
 Church under royal authority
First Crusade
• Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus
appeals for aid against the Turks
• Pope Urban II (1088-1099)
 Council of Clermont
 First Crusade risky, but approved
• Motives
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Religion, but also greed
Remove restless nobility
East/West reconciliation
Sparked anti-Jewish riots in Europe
• Jerusalem captured on July 15, 1099
Later Crusades
• Second Crusade (1147-1149)
 Dismal failure
• Jerusalem recaptured in 1187 by Saladin
• Third Crusade (1189-1192) – failure
 Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor
 Richard the Lion-Hearted, English King
 Philip Augustus, French King
• Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)
 Also a failure
• Crusades did stimulate Western trade and
cultural interaction with the East
Towns and Townspeople
• Towns contained 5% of the population
• Charters given to towns by feudal nobles
 Charters guaranteed towns’ safety
 Gave them independence
• Serfs took their skills to the towns
 Serfs found freedom and profits
 Chance for a higher social rank
 Lords in the countryside offered more
favorable terms of tenure in hopes of keeping
serfs on land
Towns and Townspeople Image
Rise of Merchants
• First merchants may have been serfs
• Traveled together in caravans and convoys
• Merchants at first disliked
 Outside traditional social groups
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Nobility, clergy, peasantry
• Formed own protective associations
• Merchants allied themselves with kings
 Against traditional nobility in countryside
• Towns facilitated transition to national
government
Schools and Universities
• Bologna
 First important Western university, 1158
 Paris another important early university
• Scholasticism
 Sense that truth is already known so the job
of students was to summarize traditional
authorities and to elaborate on traditional
arguments using pros and cons to draw
conclusions
• Logic and dialectic were the main tools
Society
• The Order of Life
 Nobles
 Clergy
 Peasants
• Medieval Women
 Image and Status
 Life Choices
 Working Women
Medieval Social Order: Nobles
Those Who Fight
• High nobility were great landowners
 Lower nobility were petty landlords
• Soldiering was the nobleman’s profession
 Nobility celebrated strength, courage, warfare
• BUT… the nobility was in economic and
political decline
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Plague and famine
Changing military tactics
Infantry and artillery take place of cavalry
Alliance of wealthy towns with king
Medieval Social Order: Clergy
Those Who Pray
• Clergy was an open estate by training
• Two basic types of clergy
 Regular (regula, rule)
- Monks who lived according to ascetic rule:
Franciscans, Dominicans
 Secular (saeculum, world)
- Clergy who worked among the laity
Medieval Social Order: Peasants
Those Who Work
• Largest and lowest social group in Middle Ages
 Their labor supported all others
 Owed their lord a certain amount of produce
• Two basic changes in peasantry in Middle Ages
 Increasing importance of single-family holding
-Land in single family through generations
 Conversion of serf’s dues into money payments
-Change permitted revival of trade
-Facilitated rise of towns
Medieval Women
• Most medieval women were workers in fields, trades,
and businesses
• Church created unrealistic view of women
 Subjugated housewife or confined nun
 Many women were neither
• Women’s legal rights varied
• Girls were apprenticed in a trade
 Appeared in most “blue-collar” trades
 Prominent in food and clothing industries
 Belonged to guilds, could become masters
• Went to school – gained vernacular literacy
 But excluded from universities
Growth of National Monarchies
• England and France: Hastings (1066) to
Bouvines (1214)
 William the Conqueror
 Popular Rebellion and the Magna Carta
 Philip II Augustus
• The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152–1272)
 Frederick I Barbarossa
 Frederick II
Growth of England
• Death of Edward the Confessor in 1066
 Harold Godwinsson chosen as new king
• William of Normandy (d. 1087)
 Battle of Hastings, October 14, 1066
• Creation of a strong monarchy
• Kept Anglo-Saxon tax system
• Practice of court writs
• Parleying- Anglo-Saxon tradition
• Balance of monarchical and parliamentary
England- The Magna Carta
• Henry II (1154-1189)
 Eleanor of Aquitaine – Angevin empire
• King John (1199-1216)
• Magna Carta – “Great Charter”, 1215
 Limits on royal power
 Rights of privileged to be represented in
important issues like taxation
 Rights eventually spread
France
• Philip II Augustus (1180-1223)
 Norman conquest – national monarchy
 French victory at Bouvines, July 27, 1214
• Louis IX (1226-1270)
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Efficient French bureaucracy
Gave subjects right to appeal
French associated their king with justice
“Golden Age of Scholasticism”
Hohenstaufen Empire (1152-1272)
• Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190)
 Re-established imperial authority
 Launched new phase of battle with the pope
• Frederick II (1212-1250)
 Ward of Pope Innocent III
 German princes became petty kings
 Frederick was excommunicated four times by
the Catholic Church
 Collapse of German monarchy with his death
 Establishment of electoral college in 1257
Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
• Causes
 Dynastic, territorial, economic rivals
• English military superiority
 Incompetent French leadership
• Joan of Arc (1412-1431)
• Consequences
 Devastated France
 Awakened French nationalism
 Sped transition from feudal monarchy to centralized
state
 Peasants bore heaviest burdens
The Plague- “The Black Death”
• A weakened Europe
 Overpopulation
- Population of Europe doubled from 1000-1300
 Economic depression
 Famine
• Plague followed the trade routes west
 Venice, Genoa, and Pisa by 1348
• Two-fifths of Europe died
 Death rates highest in urban areas
Black Death – Consequences
• Shrunken labor supply
 Wages increased
• Decline in value of noble estates
• Urban areas hit especially hard
 But eventual prosperity
 Prices soared for manufactured and luxury
items
• Church also weakened
• Nobility and church on defensive
 Both had limited power over monarchy
Challenges of the Catholic Church
• Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303)
 Unam Sanctam
 Temporal authority subject to power of church
 Conflict with Philip the Fair (1285-1314)
• Papacy in Avignon, (1305-1377)
• Great Schism, (1378-1417)
 Support along political lines
 Council at Pisa in 1409 – now three popes
 Council at Constance, 1414