Transcript World History

World History
• Ch. 10 “Europe in the Middle
Ages” 1000 - 1500
Section 1:
Peasants, Trade & Cities
Daily Objectives
• 1. Discuss the new farming
practices, the growth of trade, &
the rise of cities that created a
flourishing European society.
• 2. Explain how the revival of
trade & the development of a
money economy offered new
opportunities for people.
I. The New Agriculture
• Population doubled
• Causes: Europe was more
settled, stable & peaceful
• dramatic expansion in food
production
• change in climate
The New Agriculture
• more land was cultivated as
peasants cut down trees &
drained swamps
• new technology, labor-saving
devices
• Wind & water power
Harnessing the Power
of Water and Wind
Watermills use the power of running
water to do work. The watermill was
invented as early as the second
century B.C. It was not used much
in the Roman Empire because the
Romans had many slaves and had
no need to mechanize. In the High
Middle Ages, watermills became
easier to build as the use of metals
became more common. In 1086, the
survey of English land known as the
Domesday Book listed about six
thousand watermills in England.
The New Agriculture
• New devices made from iron
• Scythes, axes & hoes
• saws, hammers & nails
• *carruca, a heavy wheeled plow
with an iron plowshare
• Turn over heavy clay soils
http://www.novswr.com/plow.JPG
The New Agriculture
• *Two new inventions for the
horse made it possible to plow
faster
• 1. A new collar
• 2. The use of the horseshoe
http://www.interlakenhistory .org/sulky %20plow .jpg
The New Agriculture
• The shift from a 2-field to a 3field system of crop rotation
added to the increase in food
production
• kept the soil from being
exhausted so quickly, which
allowed more crops to be grown
http://nutrients.ifas.ufl.edu/images/research%20 images/Incorp oration %20Co ver%20 Crop% 20Web .jpg
450
600
three-field
to avoid wearing
out the soil
II. The Manorial System
• *manor - an agricultural estate
run by a lord & worked by
peasants
• serfs - or peasants
• Serfs had to provide labor
services, pay rents, & be subject
to the lord’s control
II. The Manorial System
• By 800, 60% of the people in
western Europe were serfs
• Serfs cultivated 1/3 to ½ for
their lords, they worked the
other half for themselves
• Serfs paid rent by giving the
lords a share of every product
II. The Manorial System
• Serfs also paid the lords to use
pasturelands, woodlands,
streams, and ponds.
• Peasants also paid a tithe (a
tenth of their produce) to the
church
• Serfs could not leave the manor
with the lord’s permission
II. The Manorial System
• Could not marry anyone outside
the manor without the lord’s
approval
• Serfs had to pay for certain
services, such as having their
grain ground into flour in the
lord’s mill
II. The Manorial System
• Serfs were not slaves
• Land could not be taken away
• Duty of the lord to protect his
serfs, giving them the safety
they needed to grow crops
III. Daily Life of the Peasantry
• Simple life
• Two room homes, one for
cooking & eating the other for
sleeping
• A hearth in the main room was
used for heating & cooking
• No windows or chimney
A. Cycle of Labor
• Seasons of the year largely
determined peasant activities
• Harvest time in August & Sept.
• Oct. worked the ground for
farming
• Nov. the slaughter
A. Cycle of Labor
• Feb. & March the land was
plowed for the planting of spring
crops
• Early summer was a fairly relaxed
time
• Also worked the lords land
• Feast days, or holidays
A. Cycle of Labor
• A total of more than 50 days
were essentially holidays
• Village church, play a crucial part
of manorial life
• Women worked the fields and
bore children
B. Food & Drink
• Basic staple was bread
• Contained wheat, rye but also
barley, millet and oats
• Vegetables, cheese from cow’s or
goat’s milk, nuts, berries, fruits;
apples, pears, & cherries
• Eggs, & meat only on feast days
B. Food & Drink
• Pure source of water was not
easy to find
• Grains for making ale
• Wine for the upper class, ale was
the drink of the poor
• 3 gallons of ale a day
Somersaulting was done for entertainment and leisure
in medieval London
This medieval manuscript page shows a London scene
IV. The Revival of Trade
• Associated growth of towns &
cities
• Italian cities took the lead
• Venice, with close ties to the
Byzantine Empire
• Developed a merchant fleet
IV. The Revival of Trade
• Flanders near present-day
Belgium & northern France
• Known for its much desired,
high-quality woolen cloth
• Location made it ideal for the
traders of northern Europe
IV. The Revival of Trade
• Trade fairs brought fur, woolen
cloth, tin, hemp & honey
• Exchanged for cloth, swords,
silks, sugar & spices
• As trade increased, demand for
gold & silver coins arose
The Revival of Trade
• *money economy - an
economic system based on
money, rather than barter
• *commercial capitalism - an
economic system in which
people invested in trade &
goods in order to make profits
V. The Growth of Cities
• Revival of trade led to a revival
of cities
A. Cities Old & New
• Merchants began to settle in the
old Roman cities
• followed by craftspeople &
artisans
• goods could be sold by the
merchants
Cities Old & New
• New cities in towns especially in
northern Europe
• merchants built settlement near
a castle for protection
• *merchants & artisans of these
cities later came to be called
bourgeoisie
Cities Old & New
• 1200’s London - England’s
largest city
• Italian cities of Venice, Florence
& Milan
B. City Government
• Towns depended on the
surrounding manors
• towns were often part of the
territory belonging to a lord &
were subject to his authority
• Townspeople needed freedom to
trade
City Government
• Lords & kings were willing to sell
the townspeople their liberties
• right to buy & sell property
• freedom from military service
• freedom of the townspeople
• right for an escaped serf to
become a free person
City Government
• People gained these basic
liberties
• towns began to govern
themselves
• Developed their own
governments for running the
affairs of the community
City Government
• Only males born in the city, who
lived there some time were
citizens
• Elections were carefully rigged
to make sure that only
*patricians - members of the
wealthiest & most powerful
families were elected
VI. Daily Life in the Medieval City
• Cities had narrow, winding
streets
• Houses were crowded
• Danger of fire was great
• Cities were dirty & smelled from
animal & human waste
• Air pollution from coal
http://www.lechappeebelle.co.uk/images/city viewlg.jpg
VI. Daily Life in the Medieval City
• Unable to stop water pollution
• Butchers dumped blood, tanners
unloaded tannic acids, dried
blood, fat, hair and other waste
products into the water
• Public baths
VI. Daily Life in the Medieval City
• Women expected to supervise
the household, prepare meals,
raise the children & manage the
family’s finances
• Help husband in their trades
• Some became brewers, weavers
& hat makers
VII. Industry & Guilds
• Cities & towns became important
centers for manufacturing
• cloth, metalwork's, shoes & leather
goods
• craftspeople organized into
• *guilds -or business associations
VII. Industry & Guilds
• Tanners, carpenters & bakers
• Specialized groups such as
dealers in silk, spices, wool or
money (banking)
• set standards for quality
• methods of production
• fixed prices
VII. Industry & Guilds
• Apprentice, a person who
wanted to learn a trade
• were not paid
• After 7 years they became a
journeymen & worked for
wages for other masters
Industry & Guilds
• masterpiece - a finished piece
• This piece allowed a master
craftspeople of the guild to
judge whether a journeymen
was qualified to become a
master & join a guild
Section 2:
Christianity & Medieval
Civilization
Daily Objectives
• 1. Summarize the dominant role
of the Catholic Church in the
lives of people during the High
Middle Ages.
• 2. Describe the strong leadership
of the popes, which made the
Catholic Church a forceful
presence in medieval society.
I. The Papal Monarchy
• Popes claimed supremacy over
the affairs of the Church
• Papal states territories in central
Italy
• Popes involved in political
matters, at the expense of
spiritual ones
I. The Papal Monarchy
• Bishops & abbots came to hold
offices as grants from nobles
• Often cared little about spiritual
duties
A. Reform of the Papacy
• Church leaders needed to be free
of interference from lords in the
appointment of church officials
• Secular, or lay rulers (nobles)
usually both chose nominees to
church offices & gave them the
symbols of their office, a practice
known as *lay investiture
A. Reform of the Papacy
• Pope Gregory VII decided to
fight this practice
• Said, the pope was God’s “vicar
on earth” & that the pope’s
authority extended over all the
Christian world, including its
rulers
A. Reform of the Papacy
• Gregory meant the right of the
Church to appoint clergy and run
its own affairs
• Rulers did not accept this
• Gregory found himself in conflict
with Henry IV, the king of
Germany over this issue
A. Reform of the Papacy
• *The struggle between Pope
Gregory VII & Henry IV is known
as the lay investiture Controversy
• *Concordat of Worms settled the
dispute
B. The Church Supreme
• Pope Innocent III continued with
Pope Gregory’s VII reforms to
strengthen papal power
• *interdict a decree by the pope
that forbade priests to give the
sacraments of the church to the
people (pg. 325)
B. The Church Supreme
• *Sacraments, Christian rites
(baptism, marriage & Eucharist
(Communion)
• Interdiction deprived the people
of the comforts of religion
II. New Religious Orders
A. A New Activism
• Cistercians new order of monks
• Strict
• Ate simple diet, each had one
robe
• All decorations were eliminated
• More time for pray & manual
labor
A. A New Activism
• Cistercians took their religion to
the people outside the
monastery
B. Women in Religious Orders
• *Hildegard of Bingen, German
nun
• Important composer of
Gregorian chant
C. The Franciscans & the
Dominicans
• Franciscans founded by*Saint
Francis of Assisi
• Abandon all worldly goods &
materials & to live & preach in
poverty, working & begging for
food
• Became very popular
C. The Franciscans & the
Dominicans
• Dominicans founded by a Spanish
priest, Dominic de Guzman
• Wanted to defend Church teachings
from heresy, the denial of basic
church doctrines
• Heretics people who deny church
doctrines
D. The Inquisition
• Method used to discover & deal
with heretics was called the
*Inquisition, a court
established by the Catholic
Church in 1232 to discover & try
heretics; also called the Holy
Office (pg. 326)
D. The Inquisition
• Those did not confess
voluntarily were tortured until
they confessed
• In the minds of the church, they
used force to save souls from
damnation
http://www.millennium -ride.com/picturesLatinAmerica/peru3/places/lima/HTML/02 00%20 places, %20per u,%20lima,%2 0inquisition%2 0museum _std.jpg
III. Popular Religion in the
High Middle Ages
• Veneration of saints became
popular
• Jesus Christ’s apostles
• Saint Nicholas, Santa Claus
• Virgin Mary
Saints
III. Popular Religion in the
High Middle Ages
• *Relics, bones or other objects
connected with saints;
considered worthy of worship
by the faithful (pg. 328)
• Pilgrimage to a holy shrine
• Visit the Holy city of Jerusalem
http://www.ckrumlov.cz/obr/zame k/3na dvori/2 724b.jpg
1. Mayor, Justice of the Peace; 2. local government, private institutions;
3. vocational schools, apprenticeship; 4. printers, publishers