Transcript The Early Middle Ages and The High Middle Ages

Vocabulary
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Chinampas
Alloy
Potlatch
Medieval
Feudalism
Vassal
Fief
Knight
Chivalry
Manor
Serf
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Sacrament
Tithe
Secular
Cannon law
Excommunication
Interdict
Anti-Semitism
Charter
Capital
Partnership
Bill of exchange
Guild
Apprentice
Journeyman
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Common law
Crusade
Schism
Scholasticism
Vernacular
Flying buttress
Epidemic
Inflation
Longbow
Heresy
The Early Middle Ages
and
The High Middle Ages
And a little about the Ancient
Civilizations of the Americas
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The Peoples of North America
The Olmec’s
– Mexican gulf coast 1400-500BC
– Built ceremonial centers
– Strong class of priests and
aristocrats
– *Legacy---- spread through trade
• Calendar
• Carved inscriptions “writing”
• Tradition of priestly leadership
Mayan Civilization
• Flourished from southern Mexico
through Central America
• Between A.D. 300 and 900
• *The Mayan achievements
– Complex system of city-states
– Erected magnificent palaces and
pyramids (tallest until 1903)
– Developing hieroglyphic writing
– An accurate calendar– 365 day
solar and 260 Venus
– Developed a numbering system
using zero
The Aztecs
• Conquered most of Mexico by the 1400's
• Government and society
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Montezuma II
Single ruler, chosen by nobles and priests
Warriors, could rise to noble
Farmers, most of the population
Slaves, could own land and buy freedom
• Religion
– *Huitzilopochtli–sun god–chief god
• Battled the forces of darkness each night
• Tens of 1000's human sacrifices
The Incas
• Conquered a vast empire
stretching 2,500 miles
• *The diverse lands of the
Incan empire were united by
– A strong government
– A great road system
• 12,000 miles
• Could move armies quickly
• Runners
Summary
Summarize your notes, using four to five
sentences.
The Early Middle Ages
• *Germanic
invaders carved up
Western Europe
into small
kingdoms
• 481, Clovis King of
the
Franks....converted
to Christianity
• *Islam moved into
Europe through
Spain.
– Were stopped
by Charles
Martel in 732
Forests, rich farm land, minerals, large
rivers and surrounded by ocean
Age of Charlemagne
• *In the 800s, Charlemagne
reunited much of Europe.
– He revived learning
– Extended Christian civilization
into northern Europe
– Further blended German, Roman,
and Christian traditions
– Set up a strong efficient
government (model)
• After Charlemagne died, his
heirs battled for power
– In 843, they split the empire into
three regions.
Feudalism and the Manor
Economy
• *Feudalism
– A system of rule based on mutual
obligations between lords, vassals and serfs
– Gave a strict order to medieval society
• *Knights adopted a code of conduct
called ‘Chivalry’
– Which required them to be brave, loyal,
and true to their word
– In warfare to fight fairly and be generous
to their enemies
– Applied to nobles only
Peasant Life
• *Peasants made up the
majority of medieval
society
– They lived and worked on
the lord’s estate, or manor
– Most peasants on the manor
were serfs
– Were bound to the land
– In theory they were
guaranteed food, housing
and land
• *Dailey life
– Everyone worked
– Simple diet of black bread
and some vegetables
– Ave life span was 35 yrs
– Believed in elves, fairies,
love potions and magic
charms
• Priests tried to
Christianize them
The Medieval Church
*After the fall of Rome, the Christian Church split into
eastern and western churches. The western church, became
known as the Roman Catholic Church
• The most powerful secular force in
medieval Europe
– *The pope claimed authority over all men
– Taught all men were sinners and doomed
unless saved through Sacraments
– Taught that men and women were equal before
God
– But on Earth women were inferior to men
– *Had it’s own law and courts (Canon Law)
– Could excommunicate violators
– Nobles and Kings could be interdicted
The Church
The Center of Daily Life
• *Monasteries and
convents performed a vital
cultural function by
preserving the learning of
the ancient world.
• Benedictine rule 530AD
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Oath of poverty
Vows of chastity
Obedience to the abbot
Hard work was of spiritual
value
• *As the Church became
stronger and wealthier, it
also became corrupt
– Clergy tended to be worldly
and lived in luxury
– Monks and nuns ignored
their vows
Some Try to Reform the Church
• *Pope Gregory VII
– Prohibited
simony...selling of
church positions
– Outlawed marriage for
priests
– The church would
choose it’s own
officials
– Called for renewed
faith
• Cluny Monastery
located in France
– Put only pious men in
his monastery
• Franciscans and the
Dominican orders
established
Summary
Summarize your notes, using four to five
sentences.
*Agricultural Revolution
• Iron plows with horses
• Windmills to make flour
• The three field system
– One in grain, one in legumes
and one fallow
• *Results
– More food the population
grew, doubling between 1000
and 1300
• Merchants set up
routes with armed
caravans
• *Trade fairs help
create new towns
– Artisans made goods
for the traders
– Cities slowly grew
– The most prosperous in
No. Italy and Flanders
European Trade
Revives
• *Charters
– From the king or lord
– Townspeople could control
their own affairs
– Anyone living the town for
one year and a day...was
free
• *Put new ideas into
circulation and greatly
expanded the middle class
Commercial and Social Changes
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*Commercial Changes
Money reappeared
The need for capital
created banking houses
Partnerships developed
Insurance underwriting
began
Bill of exchange
Denier (Penny in
English, Pfennig in
German, Denaro in
Italian)
*Social changes
• Most lords needed money
to buy goods
• Many serfs began to sell
goods to the towns
– Paying their lords in cash
instead of trade
• *By 1300, most serfs were
now tenant farmers or
hired laborers
Workers Guilds
• *Guilds
– Merchant and craft
guilds dominated life
in towns
– *Membership was a
three step process
• Apprentice...age 7 or
8....for seven years
• Journeymen.....most did
not make master
• Master
Medieval Towns
• *Grew in a haphazard
manner
– Jumble of narrow streets
and tall buildings
– No street lighting
– Noisy during the day
deserted at night
– Had no garbage or sewer
systems
• Wastes went into the
streets
• *Towns were filthy,
smelly, noisy and crowded
*Effects of Trade
• Put new ideas and products into circulation
• Reintroduced money
• Revised social structure
– Kings had more power
– Growing middle class
– Serfs changed to free peasants
• Sets the stage for the Renaissance
Summary
Summarize your notes, using four to five
sentences.
The High Middle Ages
1050-1450 AD
*Strong monarchs in England and France used various
means to centralize power
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Set up system of royal justice
Created a gov’t bureaucracy
Tax systems
Standing armies
Worked with the new middle
class
In England, new political
traditions evolved
• *Common law
– Henry II sent out traveling
justices to enforce royal law
– Their decisions became the
basis
– *The jury system
• The justices formed
groups of men to
determine which cases
should be heard (grand
jury)
• Evolved into jury by peers
Parliament
• In 1215, King John of
England signed the
*Magna Carta
– It stated that nobles
had certain rights
– The king would not
raise new taxes without
first consulting the
lords and clergy
• Called the Great
Council
• The council evolved
into a Parliament from
the French word parler
– In 1295, Edward I
added common people
to the council
– *Parliament became
bicameral
• House of Lords
• House of Commons
*In France, strong leaders built an
efficient centralized bureaucracy
• Phillip II .... Phillip
Augustus
– Used paid middle class
officials
– Chartered many new
towns
– Organized a standing army
– Introduced a national tax
– Quadrupled royal land
holdings
• Louis IX
– Lived by the rules of
Chivalry
– Persecuted heretics,
Jews and Muslims
– Expanded royal courts
– Outlawed private wars
– Ended serfdom in his
lands
Power Struggle
• Phillip IV
– *Clashed with Pope
Boniface VIII
• Killed the pope and moved
the new pope to Avignon
– To help with his struggle he
set up the Estates General
• It had representatives from
all three estates or classes
• Clergy, nobles and
townspeople
The Holy Roman
Empire and the
Church
Holy Roman Emperors....
heirs to Rome
• Tried to rule Germany and
parts of eastern Europe
– Real ruler was the vassals
and the church
• Clashed repeatedly with
popes
– *Who would control
appointments to high
church offices...investiture
Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV
• Pope excommunicated the
emperor.…1076
– Repentant sinner
– Henry took revenge, forced
pope into exile
• *Concordat of Worms
– Church to do investiture
– Emperor to give fiefs
Church Supremacy
• Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II
– Preoccupied with power
struggles with the Church
– Was forced to give in to
demands of the German
nobles
– The nobles’ increasing
independence made it
impossible to unify
Germany’s many feudal
states.
• *Pope Innocent III .…1198
– Led the Church to the height of
power and prestige
– Keep strict control over the
clergy
– Claiming supremacy over all
other rulers
– Led a crusade against the
Albigensians in so. France
Summary
Summarize your notes, using four to five
sentences.
The Crusades
1095 to 1204
• Western Europeans were
unaware of advanced
civilizations in Asia,
Africa, and the Americas.
• Byzantine Empire
– Seljuks extended their
power over Palestine and
attacked Christian pilgrims
– Alexius I sent and urgent
plea for help to Urban II
• Urged on by Pope Urban
• 1000”s joined the
Crusades
– *Why did they go?
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Religious reasons
Win wealth and land
Escape troubles at home
For adventure
Seven Crusades
• *The Reconquista
– Spain expelled the
Muslims from their
land
– Created a unified state
under King Ferdinand
and Queen
Isabella...1492
• 1st brought Jerusalem under
crusaders control 1095-1099
• 2nd a failure 1147-49
• 3rd King Richard 1188-1192
• *4th Looted Constantinople
1202-1204
• 5th 1217-1221
• 6th 1228-1239
• 7th 1248-1250
The five crosses symbolize
the five wounds of the
crucified Jesus.
*Effects of the
Crusades
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Left a bitter legacy of religious hatred
Helped quicken the changes in Europe
The Krak des Chevaliers,
Increased levels of trade
the largest Crusader
fortress ever built
Papal power reached its greatest height
Hardened Byzantine resentment against the West
Increased the power of W. Europe’s monarchs
Encouraged the growth of a money economy
Brought Europe into contact with other
civilizations
A Revival of Learning
• *Improved economic and political conditions led
to a revival of learning
• Universities started teaching..... math, geometry,
astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric and logic
• Europe enjoyed a cultural flowering, as writers
created works in the vernacular and cities all over
Europe built towering stone cathedrals that served
as symbols of their wealth and religious devotion.
Europeans rediscovered the
writings of the ancient Greeks
• Setting off a revolution in the world of ideas
• Forcing Christian scholars to resolve the conflict
between logic and faith
– Use reason to discover basic truths OR accept truths on
faith
– *Scholasticism.....faith and reason led to God ruling
over and orderly universe
• Science made little progress....most thought true
knowledge must fit with church teachings
Summary
Summarize your notes, using four to five
sentences.
A Time of Crisis
*Europe attacked in three ways....mid 1300's
• Drought caused widespread crop failures resulting
in
– Famine, malnutrition and starvation
– Famine weakened the population, leaving them
vulnerable to the plague
• Black Death....Bubonic plague ravaged Europe
– Killing one of every three people
– Creating social and economic chaos
• Hundred Years War....between France and
England
Black Death
Flea Infested Rats
• Unsanitary towns helped spread the plague
• *Symptoms
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Swellings and black bruises
Heavy sweats
Convulsive coughing
Rotted on the inside spitting blood and smelling
terribly
– Died in agony
Social and Economic
Changes
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*Social changes
Turned to magic and
witchcraft for cures
Plunged into wild
pleasures
Saw plague as God’s
punishment
Blamed the Jew’s
*Economic changes
• Labor shortage
• Prices rose
• Scared people rioted
and revolted
The church was unable to provide
effective leadership
• Rocked by scandal and division
– At times 3 popes ruled....1417
....Council at Constance
• Challenges to its power from local
preachers
– John Wycliffe
• The Bible was the source of all Christian
truth
– Jan Hun agreed in Bohemia
• Church persecuted the
reformers...burned Hun for heresy
Hundred Years’ War
• 1337 to 1453between England
and France
• Joan of Arc....inspired French
soldiers.....died on the stake
• *The war resulted in
– Increased nationalism and expanded
royal power in France
• Devastated the countryside
– Increased power of Parliament in
England
• Drained their money supply
1412 - 1431
*Changes in warfare
Cannon
Longbow
Summary
Summarize your notes, using four to five
sentences.