Transcript The Post Classical Era 500 * 1000 AD

The Post Classical Era
500 –1000
AD
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
476 – 1050 AD
• Germanic Kingdoms
–Rome: peace, stability, prosperity, &
culture
–Gone by the 6th Century
–Achievements of Rome forgotten
• Europe the Natural Setting
–Great Plains in France, Germany, &
Poland
–Peninsulas
• Iberian, Italian, Balkan, &
Scandinavian
–Dense forests
–Temperate climate: harder to farm,
Nomads = violence
• Europe After the Fall of Rome
–300s & 400s Germanic Invasions
• Anglos & Saxons vs Celts in British
Isles
• Franks in Gaul
• Visigoths in Spain/Iberian Peninsula
• Ostrigoths in Italy (Theodoric)
–Cities shrinking
–Infrastructure in decay
–Decentralized government based on
tribal chiefs
AN EMERGING EUROPEAN
CIVILIZATION
•
The Frankish Kingdom
– Clovis & the Franks invade/conquer
Gual
– Converts kingdom to Christianity
– Establishes the Merovingian line of
kings
• Decentralized authority
• The Unifying Role of Christendom
– The Roman Catholic Church is the only
institution widespread throughout the
European continent as Christianity
becomes a larger part of people’s lives.
– The Bishop of Rome becomes the most
powerful political leader in Europe.
– Bishop of Rome becomes the
pope/papacy – leader of the Roman
Catholic Church
• The Church’s Influence on European
Ideas
– People begin to split their loyalty
between Ruler & God
• Political Loyalty vs Spiritual Loyalty
• Separation of Church & State
– Spread of Human equality
The Quest for Political Order
The Franks & the Temporary Revival of Empire
“And the king was the first to be baptized by the
bishop… And so the king confessed all-powerful God
in the Trinity were baptized in the name of the
Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, and was anointed with
the holy ointment with the sign of the cross of
Christ. And of his army more than 3,000 were
baptized.”
- History of the Franks
• Charlemagne’s Rise to Power
–Step 1: Converted Germans to
Christianity through war
–Step 2: Prevented Muslims from
expanding into Europe
–Step 3: Brutally put down a Saxon revolt
• Charlemagne’s Accomplishments
–Created large empire made of self-sufficient
manors
–Counts kept order in his kingdom
–Made Aachen a new center for learning
• Division of Frankish Kingdom
–Kingdom divided into three parts after
Charlemagne’s death
–Division weakened Empire’s unity and
caused the collapse of the Frankish Kingdom
MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
•
Who were the Vikings?
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Lifestyle: based on sea: Viking = pirate
both sexes wore long hair; married women were
respected
Government: tribal units, ruled by jarl
Values: culture of war; blood feud common
Education: not important, most illiterate, boys =
warriors, girls = wives
Religion: worshiped many gods, used crop and
animal sacrifices
• Where did they raid and why?
– Raided coastal villages throughout Europe,
plundering, killing, burning, and taking
prisoners
– Europe was weak after Charlemagne’s empire
fell apart
– Viking longships and weaponry intimidated
people of Europe
– Vikings were experienced sailors, traders, and
explorers
• What was their impact on Europe?
–Viking power of intimidation kept many
Europeans in a state of terror
–Europeans looked to local lords to protect
them
–Contributed to the development of
feudalism
–Viking culture influenced some aspects of
life in Europe
MANORIALISM
• Monarchs
– Became weaker after Charlemagne
– Remained highest authority
• The Feudal System
– Political and Military System
– Lords and Vassals
– Importance of Land
• Lords & Nobles
– Lived on Manors in castles
– Included powerful clergy
– Hunted, defended manor, oversaw serfs, and settle legal disputes
• Manorialism
– Administrative and Economic System
• Serfs and Manors in Feudal Europe
– Serfs
– Manors as local authority
• Knights or Vassals
– Trained warriors who studied warfare from age seven
– Followed code of chivalry
– Exchanged military service for fief
• Peasants
– Freemen paid lord for use of land and could move around
– Serfs worked land for the lord
– Serfs were poor and were prisoners of the manor
THE CHANGING MEDIEVAL
WORLD
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Agricultural Revolution
General warming trend
No major famines
New food supplies i.e.: more meat, dairy
products, fish, vegetables, and legumes
End of the great raids
Expansion of arable land
Three-field system
• Winter crop, summer crop, fallow
– Heavy iron plow
• Seed less vulnerable to early frost, birds, and
rodents
• Use of draft animals, multiple yokes; horses
faster than oxen but not as strong and more
susceptible to injury
• Harness did not reach Europe until 800
– Manure, Scythe
• Higher yields with crop rotation
• Areas of crop specialization, monoculture
•
Crusades
– Pope Urban II called the First Crusade in
1095
– Resulted in the creation of Christian lordships
in the Holy Land by 1099.
– Later Crusades were less successful, and the
focus on recovering the Holy Land was lost.
– The Fourth Crusade actually resulted in the
conquest of Christian Constantinople.
• Economic Consequences of the Crusades
–Increased trade between East and West
Mediterranean.
–Crusades encouraged trade between
Europeans and Muslims
–Demands for silk, cotton textiles, and
spices increased
–Italian merchants also sought
opportunities for direct trade in Asian
markets
FEUDAL MONARCHIES
•
England
– William, Duke of Normandy (France)
– 1066 invades England – Norman
Conquest
– Scattered the land of his fiefs
– Appointed Sheriffs
– Exchequer is created- taxes, royal finances
– Strong Centralized government in England
FEUDAL MONARCHIES
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France
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After the last Carolingian King France was split
between the English, King of France, & French
Nobles
Phillip II expands kingdom through war & alliances
with nobles
The Holy Roman Empire
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The Emperor’s power comes from the Pope
Lords, Princes, & Nobles have little allegiance to
the Emperor
Conflict between Church & State (Investiture)
The States’ Position
• Henry IV, the Holy Roman Emperor, angered by
Pope Gregory’s actions because he needed church
leaders to support him against powerful German
lords
The Church’s Position
• In A.D. 1075 outlawed lay investiture (church
officials being chosen by kings)
• Threatened to excommunicate any king who
disobeyed (thus talking away the means to gain
salvation)
– Henry IV demanded that Gregory VII resign
as pope
– Henry IV was excommunicated by Pope
Gregory VII
–Henry realized he could not defeat the Pope
–Henry begged for Gregory’s forgiveness
– Agreement that church officials could appoint
leaders
–Kings could give titles and land grants to
church officials
Struggles Between Monarchs
& The Roman Catholic Church
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Roman Catholic Church is collecting taxes, running courts, &
selling church positions.
– Pope Innocent III
• Believed that the Pope had supreme authority in
Christian Lands
• Replaced a Holy Roman Emperor &
Excommunicated a King
– Inquisition (SPAIN)
• Convert Heretics - Anyone not Roman Catholic
• Forceful persuasion - Intimidation, Torture &
Death
• Grand Inquisitor -Tomas de Torquemada
Struggles Between Monarchs & Lords
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Royal armies relied on nobles to fill their cavalry
King John vs English Nobles 1200AD
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King John loses a war with France
Disputes with Pope Innocent III over church appointments
Taxes Nobles to raise $
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Robin Hood: steal from the rich nobles
MAGNA CARTA – 1215 AD
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The Great Charter
Establishes RULE OF LAW in England
Leads to the creation of Parliament
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House of Lords & House of Commons
“That which touches all, must be approved by all”
HIGH MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
• Scholars Became Interested in Ancient
Culture
– Knowledge of ancient Greece and Rome
was rediscovered by scholars
– The Crusades made Europeans eager to
learn about the world around them
– Scholars thought ancient Greek and
Roman writings would help solve
problems
HIGH MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
•
Schools, Universities, and Scholastic Theology
– Cathedral schools & creation of universities
• Paris(F), Cambridge(E), Oxford(E), Bolgna (I),
& Salerno (I)
– St. Thomas Aquinas (scholastic theology)
• University of Paris, attempted rationally
explain God’s existence.
• His work marked the high point of
scholasticism.
– Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Supported romantic poets and troubadors
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HIGH MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
Dominican’s & Franciscans
Monasticism = life led by monks and nuns
Monk = Greek for “ Living Alone”
Nun = French from nonne, originally
Egyptian for “Virgin”
Attacked materialism and allowed no
personal property
Nuns and monks wanted to avoid war,
sickness, sin, corruption, and wanted to serve
God and fellow Christians
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES
•
The Black Death 1347 – 1450
– Infected died within 5 days, sometimes
overnight
– People fled cities & farms
– 1/3 died from disease
– Resulting famine & wars raised that to
50%
– “We are being punished for our sins”
Ring around
the rosy,
Pocketful
of posy,
Ashes, ashes,
We all
fall down.
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES
Peasants Revolt against Authority
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As production, trade, & tax revenues declined
during the Black Death Nobles & Clergy sought to
maintain their lavish lifestyles at the expense of the
peasants.
During this time the Roman Catholic Church was
discredited
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Raised taxes
Popes were kidnapped & ransomed
The Church’s capitol was moved to Avignon France
The Great Schism – Two Popes: Rome & Avignon
Clergy lived a life of luxury
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES
•
The Hundred Years War 1337 – 1453
– France vs England over land disputes
– England
• Fewer troops, less money
• Long Bow
– France
• Joan of Arc
ARCHIV/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2003. © 19932002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
JOAN OF ARC
“I Hear
Angel
Voices”
THE LATE MIDDLE AGES
•
Results of the Hundred Years War
– FRANCE
• Nationalism
– ENGLAND
• House of York (White) vs House of Lancaster
(Red)
• War of the Roses
– MILITRAY
• Long bow = no more knights (nobles)
• Gun powder = anyone can be a soldier
• Monarchs gain power, nobles lose power
TOWN LIFE
Town life in the Middle Ages
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Wall and maze of narrow streets, crowding and
absence of sanitation
Occupations were licensed, standards of quality
Problems of fire and disease
Citizenship
Artisans
Women’s work, more employment
Crime, civil disturbances
TOWN LIFE
Trade & Commerce Change Town Life
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The Foundations of Town Life
Towns were centers for trade and shipping
Luxury goods such as silk, spices, ivory, and
porcelain could be bought in towns
Guilds dominated social and civic life in towns
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Guilds reflected importance of Christianity in towns
Contributed to building of cathedrals
Adopted patron saints and sponsored parades in their
honor
Town Life
during Middle
Ages
Towns were
small because
society was
based on
agriculture and
most people
were rural
Town Life
After High
Middle Ages
Society
Towns grew
because society
began to be
based on
commerce and
more people
started to live
in cities
Town Life
during Middle
Ages
Nobles had most of the
power
1) Lords owned the
land where most towns
were located
2) Towns needed
protection from knights
that lords could provide
*status determined by
birthright
Town Life After
High Middle
Ages
Power
Middle class had most
of the power
1) limited the power of
feudal lords by forcing
them to grant charter
2) Gained control of
great sums of money by
organizing banks
*status determined by
wealth and ability