Transcript The Crusades

The Crusades
1095-1291 B.C.E
Background
Late in the 11th century, the byzantine emperor at
Constantinople appealed to the Roman Catholic
Church for military aid against the Moslem Turks
The RCC sympathizes- mainly because they
controlled
Palestine
The Holy Land
Molested Christian Pilgrims
Pope Urban II
Council of Clermont, 1095Summoned western Christendom to wrest the Holy Land
from the Moslems by waging a religious war or Crusade
Leading Events
The First Crusade1096
Godfrey of Bouillon
This crusade
 Drove Muslims from part of Palestine
 Established a Christian Kingdom in the Holy Land
 Gained control of Jerusalem
 1187- Jerusalem is take by the Muslims (Saladin). The loss of the
Holy City caused western Europe to Launch the Third Crusade
 Third Crusade
1189
3 Kings- Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Phillip Augustus
of France, and Richard the Lionhearted of England
Fails to recapture Jerusalem
Safe passage granted to Christian Pilgrims by Saladin
Effects
 Broadened people’s outlook
Crusaders were exposed to advanced
civilizations
Increased geographical knowledge
 Stimulated trade and towns
Trade increased
Money replaced barter
Towns grew in number and size
The Bourgeoisie acquired wealth and influence
Effects cont’d
Strengthened the Kings or Central
Governments
Weakened nobility
Stimulated trade
Weakened Serfdom
Some gained freedom
Used money
Others will runaway
Encouraged Learning
Preserved and utilized Greco-Roman Knowledge
Maintained great universities
Advanced mathematics, science, literature, and art
THE REVIVAL OF TRADE AND
TOWNS
The Rise of the Bourgeoisie
• As trade increased and towns grew, a new
economic and social class evolved, the
bourgeoisie- townspeople.
• In between the serfs and lords; known as the
Middle Class
Leading Medieval trade centers
• Italy
• Belgium
• Northern Germany
Trade Fairs in Medieval Towns
• Used to foster/encourage trade
• Attracted
– Buyers and sellers
– Merchants from different places
– Entertainers
– Ordinary people
The Guilds in Medieval towns
Merchant
Craft
Economic activities
Educational activities
Political and Social activities
Life in medieval towns
Disadvantages
•
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Streets
Buildings
Town walls
Sanitation
Advantages
• Freedom
• Fuller lives
• Cultural and educational
facilities
• Opportunities for
advancement
THE GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY
MEANING OF POLITICAL DEMOCRACY
Political democracy rests on the principle that
government is created by, derives its powers
from, and exists to serve the people.
Meaning of Political Democracy
Governmental powers are limited by a written
constitution or by an unwritten constitution
consisting of a group of documents and basic laws
that have the prestige of a constitution.
The people are protected against possible
governmental tyranny by constitutional
guarantees of basic civil liberties
Bail
Impartial trial
Equal treatment under the law
The people are protected against possible
governmental tyranny by constitutional
guarantees of basic civil liberties:
Freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly
The right to bail, impartial trial, and equal
treatment under the law
Minority groups, regardless of color, religion
or national origin have the right to full and
free and frequently held elections. Voters may
either reelect the officials or retire them by
selecting the opposing candidates
The legislature conducts free and open
debate on issues and passes laws by majority
vote.
More than one political party exists, each free
to present its views in seeking to become the
majority party
Political Democracy Through the Ages
The democratic form of government:
Appeared in ancient Greece
Was replaced by autocracy
Reappeared as a result of 17th and 18th century
revolutions in America and France
Developed into the political systems democratic
peoples enjoy today
ENGLAND’S DEMOCRATIC GAINS
Jury SystemReplaced feudal justice with royal courts, grand
jury investigations, and in certain cases, jury trials
Magna Carta (1215) limits royal power
May not imprison any free person except by
judgment of the person’s peers and in accordance
with the law
May not levy taxes without consent of the Great
Council
 Model Parliament (1295)- expanded to
include middle-class representatives
English Common Law- by the late 13th, English
judges had established the practice of basing
their decisions previous on similar cases
decided previously.
Parliamentary Lawmaking (14th Century)forced the monarchy to accept its authority by
threatening to withhold tax laws.