Transcript (Section I): The Crusades Begin

Section I: The Crusades Begin
(Pages 288 - 294)
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This section is about:
The religious and
political reasons for the
Crusades.
The first four crusades
and how they impacted
Europe and the
Mediterranean region.
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Let’s look at what’s in this Unit.
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We’ve done “the Early Middle Ages.”
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Now were on the “High Middle Ages.”
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What’s the difference?
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Maybe we can tell from reading
what’s in quotes on page 268.
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We should also look at the sections:
I:
How the Crusades began and
how they impacted European
life.
II. How towns grew (and the Black
Death).
III. French and English conflicts /
Pope and King conflicts / Spain
and Muslims conflicts.
IV. The Great Schism and challenges
to the authority of the church.
The Crusades Begin
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Read the Main Ideas on
page 290.
We’ve heard about what
the Crusades were (holy
wars between Christians
and Muslims).
Now, we’ll hear about
more details.
Look also at “Cause and
Effect” on the top right of
page 290.
The Background of the Crusades:
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The Crusades were
Christian wars to try and
re-capture holy lands
from the Muslims.
These “later Middle
Ages” cover the years
962-1492.
One of the big questions
of this time centers
around the power of the
papacy (the office of the
pope) and what he
should really be in control
of.
The Growth
of Papal Power
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In medieval Europe,
lawlessness and violence
were pretty common.
So, the Church in France
promoted the idea of the
“Peace of God:” if you
did something bad, you’d
be ex-communicated.
The clergy also had the
“Truce of God:” you
couldn’t fight at holy
times – Saturday night
until Monday morning.
This was a time where the Eastern Byzantine Church
began to disagree with the Roman Catholic Church
on the role of the Pope
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In 1054: the head of each of
these churches ex-communicated
the other.
This led to a separation that still
continues today.
Pope Gregory VII tried to regain
control and said he was the leader
of the church (and all society) and couldn’t be judged by anyone
on earth.
The European Kings didn’t agree
with this (they wanted to be able
to appoint their own bishops and
church leaders to their own
churches).
Eventually they came to an
agreement that the pope would
only appoint bishops and the
highest of positions.
The Pope Calls for a Crusade
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The Muslims had
controlled Jerusalem from
637-1095.
Jerusalem is holy to Jews,
Christians, and Muslims.
The Muslims were letting
less and less people
safely come to Jerusalem.
Some Muslims even
threatened to invade
Constantinople, so the
Byzantine emperor asked
Pope Urban II for help.
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Pope Urban II also
believed in the supreme
power of the pope.
He called for a war to win
back the Holy Land.
This crusade (taking the
cross) was popular
because:
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Of strong religious feelings
at the time.
Some soldiers wanted
military glory.
Merchants wanted new
markets for their goods.
Some people wanted to
gain new land and wealth.
The First and Second Crusades
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Pope Urban promised
crusaders if they
captured Jerusalem
they could follow in
the way of Jesus and
save their souls.
(they also might get
military glory, get
land, and get rich
from their conquests).
The Quest for Jerusalem
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The first Crusade began in
1096.
The Christian army first
conquered Edessa and set up
their first crusader state
(European Christian kingdom)
By 1099, they had conquered
Jerusalem and set up another
crusader state (surrounded
by Muslims though).
The first Crusade was
successful for Christians, but
in winning, they killed many
Muslims (even women and
children), and Jewish people
living in Jerusalem.
The Second Crusade
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By 1144, Muslims had recaptured Edessa.
The Pope (Eugenius III) called
for another crusade to protect
the crusader states they set
up.
The most powerful monarchs
in Europe (Louis VII of France
and Conrad III of Germany)
even joined in.
This second crusade was
failing – Muslims won a battle
for Damascus.
The crusaders went back home
before they lost any more.
Later Crusades
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By 1187, Saladin
(a brilliant Muslim
warrior) defeated the
Christians and united
the Muslims.
Saladin re-captured
Jerusalem.
So… more crusades
coming?
The Third and Fourth Crusades
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1189-1192.
England’s King Richard
(the Lionhearted), France’s
King Phillip II, and
Germany’s emperor
Fredrick II re-captured Acre
(city north of Jerusalem)
from the Muslims.
Fredrick drowned, Phillip
went back to France, so
Richard was the only one
left to fight.
Richard and Saladin signed
a peace agreement.
Jerusalem would remain
Muslim, but Christians
would be allowed to visit
the holy sites.
Horrible History’s Crusades
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This wasn’t good
enough for the next
pope (Innocent III).
So… a new crusade….
1202-1204: It gets
confusing:
The crusaders start in
Egypt, but eventually
end up attacking Italy
and the Byzantines and
controlling
Constantinople.
What about Jerusalem?
They kind of forget
about that (for now)
and go back home.
They meet none of their
original goals.
The Results of the Crusades
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There end up being several
more crusades.
None were very successful.
The Crusades end in 1291 –
only the first one ever did
anything to take back
Jerusalem from the Muslims.
Serving in the Crusades was
supposed to be a good
Christian thing for knights to
participate in.
But, they ended up killing
many Jews and Muslims.
The Roman Catholic Church
and the Eastern Byzantine
Church grew farther apart.
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There was a lasting effect
on Europe.
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Popes became very
powerful.
Trade between Europe and
Asia grew (especially foods
and spices).
Crusaders returned home
with new ideas and
inventions – for military
machines, castle protection,
windmills, compasses,
clocks, etc…
Although the Crusades
were sad and costly, it
meant a sharing of
cultures and brought many
changes to Europe.
Horrible History’s Crusades