Transcript Nations and Crusade

Rise of Nation-States
& the Crusades
OUTLINE
•Spread of Christianity
•Rise of Nation States
•France
•England
•Germany
•Crusades
IDENTIFICATIONS
Capetians
William the Conqueror
Battle of Hastings (1066)
Otto I
Crusades
Spread of Christianity
Europe, 600-1300, Spread of Christianity
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France, 12th Century
France, 1154-80
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The Capetians (987-1328)
Hugh Capet (Ruled: 987-996)
In 987, permanent shift of the kingship from
the Carolingians to the Capetians
Hugh was determined to make the crown
hereditary
Had eldest son ‘associated’ to him, i.e.
recognized as heir by noblity
Emergence of England
Achieves political unity much earlier
than France
1066, crisis develops when Edward the
Confessor dies
Edward named Harold II (Godwinson)
as his successor
Rival is William, duke of Normandy
(William the Conqueror, William I)
Battle of Hastings (1066)
William I (1066-1087)
Williamthe Conqueror
Centralized kingdom
Placed Norman order upon
England
William was the first ruler
to show how feudal
principles could be used
as the foundation for a
strong, centralized
monarchy
Picture Credit: National Portrait Gallery, London
Medieval Germany
In contrast to England & France, local
feudal lords retained significant
power in Germany, which hindered
attempts at achieving a unified
nation-state
Germany in the Middle Ages
Germany, 1176
Germany, 12th century
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Medieval Germany
• In contrast to England & France, local
feudal lords retained significant power in
Germany, which hindered attempts at
achieving a unified nation-state
• Otto I (912-973)
• Refounded the Holy Roman Empire
• 962 – Crowned Emperor
• Salian Dynasty (est. 1024)
• Henry III (r. 1039-56) imperial control over
the Church is at its apex
Clunaic Reforms and Medieval
Society
Church Reform in the 11th and 12th
centuries
 Papacy of Innocent III
 Impact of Emphasis on Spirituality:
New Orders
 High Medieval Society (ca.1000 – 1300)

Church Reform in the 11th & 12th Centuries
Practices open to dispute
–Investiture
–Concubinage
–Simony
 The Monastery at Cluny (@ 910)
 Papal Support: Leo IX and Nicholas II
 Gregory VII (1073-1085), Henry IV (10561106) and the Investiture Struggle

Spread of Islam (7th & 8th c.)
Middle East, Caliphate, AD632-750
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First Crusade (1095-1099)
Byzantine Empire under attack from Muslim
Turks
1071 – Battle of Manzikert, Turks capture
Jerusalem
1094 – Alexis I appealed to Pope Urban II for
help
1095 – Urban II’ speech at Clermont
1096 – Peasants’ Crusade
1096 – Official crusade launched
1099 – Crusaders capture Jerusalem
First Crusade (1096-99)
Second Crusade (1147–49)
1147 – Muslims defeat Europeans at
Edessa, which catalyzed the 2nd
Crusade
Preached by Bernard of Clarivaux
Unmitigated disaster for the crusaders
Crusades now included an expansionist
mission in addition to a pilgrimage
Origin of Military Orders: Templars,
Hospitalers, Teutonic Knights
Third Crusade (1188-1192)
Muslim leader Saladin reconquers
Egypt and most crusading states
1187 – Conquers Jerusalem, which
precipitated the 3rd Crusade
Byzantium makes a pact with Saladin
Crusade disintegrated through lack of
cooperation
Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)
Pope Innocent III organized crusade
under papal auspices
Crusaders never reached the Holy Land
Diverted by Venetians
Byzantium victim of the 4th Crusade
Cause: dynastic intrigue & greed
1204, Crusaders sacked Constantinople
Crusades