Transcript C6Islam 2

Stearns, page 119; Glencoe, page 197
1.
How far north did the Islam empires spread?
Stopped by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in France in 732; ended
Arab European expansion
2. How did the Arabs benefit from expansion?
Under the Abbasid Dynasty, the Arabs controlled some of the richest
trade routes and provinces in the world
The
Crusades
In the 7th Century. Muslims, conquered Palestine
where Jesus Christ had lived and preached
Muslims were tolerant
let Christians/Jews and keep their faiths
Christian pilgrims visited the Christian 'Holy Land‘ & shrines freely
In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks conquered Jerusalem
Persecuted Christian pilgrims
1071, defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert;
Threatened Byzantine Empire; Emperor Alexius asked the Pope for help
 Pope Urban II called for a “Holy War” or “Crusade” against the Muslim
“infidels” (unbelievers) and occupiers of the Holy Lands
1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics
The Crusades
continued
Between 1096-1212, there were 7 crusades
1000s responded and pinned crosses on their
tunics & marched to fight/die for God
1st Crusade: (1096-1099)
 French, German, and Italian armies captured
Jerusalem
 Sacked the city, slaughtered many Muslims &
Jews; stole/ransacked goods
 Many Crusaders went home--left surrounding
territories vulnerable
 Muslim leader, Saladin captured Edessa
2nd Crusade: (1147-1149)
 2nd Crusade failed to win Edessa back
Additionally, Saladin re-captured Jerusalem in
1187 for the Muslims
The Crusades
continued
3rd Crusade: (1189-1192)
 Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany drowned in a local river
 English King Richard & French King Philip II of France arrived by sea
 captured the coastal cities
 unable to move inland & capture Jerusalem
 Saladin was impressed with King Richard’s fighting on the coast
 King Richard earned the nickname the “Lionhearted” here
 Saladin agreed to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem
 Muslim leader
 Established the
Ayyubid Dynasty
 Very devout
 Legendary chivalry
 Defeated
Europeans in the 2nd
& 3rd Crusades
Saladin (1138-1193)
 Spared Jerusalem
 Made Cairo a
vibrant medieval city
The Crusades
continued
4th Crusade (1202-1204)
 Venetian leaders used the opportunity to weaken their largest
economic competitor
 Diverted Crusaders to Constantinople; sacked the city and ruled it
until 1261
 Byzantine army recaptured Constantinople in 1261
 Byzantine Empire never regained their great power
 Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453
What was the main effect of the Crusades?
 Italian port cities prospered economically
 Opened Europeans to a variety of goods and products: silks, spices,
coffee, tea, science, and knowledge
 Access to the compass/astrolabe provided Europeans with the means to
travel away from the coastline and to seek new goods
 Access to information about gun powder will enhance their more
aggression and lead to imperialistic tendencies in
Asia, Africa, and the Americas
 4th Crusade sacked Constantinople;
weakened the Byzantine Empire
 Led to Anti-Semitism in Europe
 Broke down feudalism;
Paved the way for the development of European nation-states
Lasting impact: bred centuries of distrust
& enmity between Muslims &Christians
 1258, Mongols seized
Persia and
Mesopotamia
 Ended Abbasid
Caliphate
 Hulegu sacked
Baghdad
 Destroyed libraries,
mosques, palaces
Hulegu (hoo-LAY-goo)
 Turkish slave-soldiers (Mamluks) stopped the
Mongols at the Red Sea
 Mongolians inter-married with local peoples
 Mongolians converted to Islam and spread the
religion throughout Asia/southern Europe
 Mongolian conquest ended Baghdad’s leadership
 Cairo became the new center of Islamic civilization
Baghdad
• New capital
– Ideal location
– Close to Persian
capital
– Spectacular city
– Economic center of
Muslim world
• Banking – checks
– Academic center
Islam - Widespread
• Urban expansion
• Long-distance
trade
• Increase in
handicraft
production
• New converts
Courtly Excesses
• Untouchable rulers
– The “Shadow of God on earth”
• Taste for luxury
• Caliph Harun al-Rashid 786-809
– “Golden Age of Muslims”
• Learning, trade, and
government
Imperial Breakdown
• Civil war over successors with
Rashid’s death
• Political divisions
–Shiite revolts and
assassination attempts
• Slave mercenaries
• Taxes, famine, flood, bandit
gangs
• Ibn- Rushd – translated Aristotle’s
works
• Spread the Indian # system with 0;
easier to us than Roman numerals
• Europeans mislabeled the system
“Arabic”
• Developed Algebra
• Knew the Earth was round
• Astrolabe = helped sailors calculate the angles of the
sun and the stars.
• Armillary = Astronomers lined up the top rings of
the sphere and calculated the time of day or year.
This was useful for mapmaking and calendars.
Ibn Sina
- wrote medical encyclopedia
-“The” University medical textbook
Al Qasim’s drawings of medical tools was the foremost
text on surgery in Europe for nearly 500 years
Ibn Khaldun (14th C)
- Muslim historian
- Civilizations rise/decay in
cycles
Omar Khayyam (12th C) - Rubiyat
- Arabian Nights
Mosque in Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Mosque of Cordova, Spain
Center of learning & culture
Calligraphy
Arabesques
Arab dhow with lateen sails
1304-1349?
 Most celebrated Muslim traveler in the
postclassical world
 Islamic scholar who recorded his travels
throughout the dar al Islam (Muslim states)
 Traveled over 75,000 miles; to Spain, Timbuktu,
China, India, the Maldives Islands, East Africa, and
the Mali Empire
 Worked in government positions everywhere he
went as an adviser or judge
 Promoted the proper observance of Islam
Key Terms
Shari'ah: The revealed and the canonical laws of the religion of Islam. The legislative
power in the government lies in the hands of legislative assembly. The legislators are to
make rules and regulations within the scope and dimensions of the Qur'an and the
Sunnah of the Prophet. These rules constitute the Shari'ah.
Mosque: Muslim building of prayer and worship.
Jihad: Literally means, "struggle“ or “striving”; refers to the obligation of all Muslims to
struggle against error and evil. In another sense it refers to the defensive military
struggle against those who would attack Muslims and subvert their faith, hence the
concept of the 'Holy war’.
P.B.U.H. :These letters are abbreviations for the words Peace Be Upon Him which
corresponds to the meaning of the Arabic expression “Alaihis Salam”, which is an
expression that is said when the name of a prophet is mentioned. This expression is
widely used by English speaking Muslims. It is to be noticed here that this expression
does not give the full meaning of "Salla Allahu 'Alaihi Wa Sallam“ (may the blessing and
the peace of Allah be upon him). Therefore it is recommended that people do not use
(p.b.u.h.) after the name of prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.); they should use "Salla Allahu
'Alaihi Wa Sallam" instead, or they may use the abbreviated form of (s.a.w) in writing.
Comparisons: Holy men in Islam, Christianity, and
Buddhism
1. Read page 13.
2. Make a Venn diagram comparing the role of holy
mystics in the 3 religions
“Perspectives: Gender Roles in Early Islamic
Societies”
1. Read page 15.
2. Describe the similarities and differences in
gender roles in Muhammad’s era, the Umayyad
dynasty, and the Abbasid dynasty.
3. Give specific similarities and differences between
all 3.
4. Give specific details/evidence to support your
similarities and differences.
Abbasid Empire:
Pre-Islamic
- Had greater liberty than
those of Byzantium or
Persia
- Played important
economic roles;
- Matrilineal descent in
some clans
- Not secluded
- Both males and
females allowed
multiple marriages in
some clans
- Women often fought
beside men
Similarities
- Patriarchal
- More urbane,
the less
freedom
women have
- Under influence of
Persian culture,
women veiled and
secluded
- Increase in
patriarchal authority
- Only males
permitted multiple
marriages
- Development of the
harem
- Lower class
women enjoyed
more freedom than
upper class women