Transcript Islam in Europe File

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Muslim Conquest of Andalusia 711
Crusades 1095 - 1291
Reconquista 1482 - 1614
Ottoman Empire
Colonialism
Immigration
20th Century Middle East Conflicts
Return of Nationalism in Europe
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Maintaining cultural and religious identity in a
non-Muslim country, The Gray Zone
Integration deficiencies, Challenges for Multiculturalism
Muslim, Western or both?
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Sharia Law Zones
Creation of sub state sharia courts to deal with
matters of civil law
Pro- Caliphate organisations: Muhajarhoon,
sharia4belgium, Islam4UK, Islamic Emirates
Project, Kaldet Til Islam, Hizb ut Tahrir
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“without the media’s coverage, the act’s
impact is arguably wasted, remaining narrowly
confined to the immediate victim(s) of the
attack, rather than reaching the wider ‘target
audience’ at whom the terrorists’ violence is
actually aimed.”
Contributes to negative public opinion of Islam
Securitization and Rhetoric
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Muslim populations began arriving in the
middle of 20th century largely from former
colonies for post war reconstruction
North African in France
South Asian in the United Kingdom.
Germany, influx of ‘guest workers’ largely
from Turkey.
countries with existing populations tend to
attract more of the same ethnic background
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19 Million in EU
Italy Spain 2-4%
Denmark, Greece,
UK 4-5%
Austria, Belgium,
Bulrgaria, France,
Netherlands,
Sweden, Germany
5-10%
Russia, 10-20%
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The UK, 5% Muslim population is believed by
many to be as much as 21%.
Belgium’s 6% is perceived to be 29%.
In France 8% is inflated to 31%
In Germany 6% rises to 19%
Italy 4% to 20%
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2009 Minaret Ban
Switzerland
2004 All religious dress
banned in schools, France
2011 Clothing Laws
Belgium
Burqa and niqab banned in
some municipalities of
Spain, Germany, the
Netherlands.
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reports state a marked rise in anti-Islamic
attitudes and attacks in European countries for
a short period of time engendered by the
events of 9/11 and 7/7. However, both reports
state the level of physical acts of aggression
against Muslims were disparate and isolated
incidents and that hostile attitudes persist
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Killing of Lee Rigby
Murder of Theo van Gogh
2011 killing spree in Norway by Anders
Behring Breivik
Charlie Hebdo
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Attempt to implement
often with violence
there perception of
sharia norms
Drinking, prostitutes,
immoderately dressed
women, homosexuals
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Use motorized
patrols to counter
Sharia patrols
Distribute literature
and solicit
reporting activity
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Islamophobia, Fear of Islam
(47% increase in recorded Islamophobic acts in
France in 2013 compared to 2012), anti-Muslim
marches organised by the far-right Pegida
movement, and regular attacks of mosques in
Sweden. From 7 January 2015 to 7 February 2015,
there were 153 Islamophobic incidents against
individuals and places of worship in France, which
represents a 70% increase compared to January
2014. the term
Islamophobia groups together all kinds of different
forms of discourse, speech and acts, by suggesting
that they all emanate from an identical ideological
core, which is an irrational fear (a phobia) of Islam
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UK, English Defence
League
Denmark: Danish
Defense League
France: National Front
Germany: PEGIDA
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EU Parliament
UKIP (UK) 24 Seats, the
most from the country
National Front (France)
24 Seats with 25% of the
electorate
Freedom Party of
Austria, 17%
DPP 4 Seats with 27% of
the vote
Far Right parties now
make up 1/3 of the EU
Parliament
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Danish Peoples Party garnered over 26% of the
vote ony7% in 2004
UK Independence Party won with 26.6%, 16.6%
in the previous election of 2009
Nationalist Front. 2009 the party earned 6.3%
similar to previous elections. In 2014 this
number increased dramatically to nearly 25%
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Increase in EU Immigration Growth of
Diaspora communities
Austerity measures across the Euro Zone
2008 Economic Crisis and Austerity
Attraction to nationalist protectionist politics as
opposed to anti-austerity civil movements
Social alienation and economic disparity
Conflict in the Middle East
Jihadist rivalry, Euro Jihad
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Muslims in Europe are more likely than the EU
general population to be poor and live in
segregated, crime-prone neighborhoods
EU Muslims tend to have high unemployment
rates, higher than other ethnic religious
minorities.
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33% of the Muslim under age 15 as opposed to
19% of the population as a whole
5.1% homeless
13% of the prison population
7% of Muslims are unemployed compared to 4% of
the general population
46% live in the 10% most deprived areas of the
country.
More vulnerable than other religious minorities,
18% experiencing poverty as compared to 4% of
Hindus and 8% of Sikhs
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2008 Financial Crisis
Austerity measures
Reduction in social services
Greater competition for housing and
employment due to shortages
Cycles of victimiation
Each group sees the other as the sources of ills
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As Muslims in Europe are overwhelmingly
non-white, ongoing racial disharmony
naturally impedes integration
Increased security and surveillance of Muslim
communities furthering alienation
2nd Generation: many younger Muslims reject
the minority status to which their parents
acquiesced
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Giles Kepel, "neither the blood spilled by
Muslims from North Africa fighting in French
uniforms during both world wars nor the
sweat of migrant laborers, living under
deplorable living conditions, who rebuilt
France (and Europe) for a pittance after 1945,
has made their children ... full fellow citizens."