Transcript Crusade - SchoolRack

Prayer for Teenagers
With each new day that dawns I
am growing up, O Lord. It's not
too soon to start thinking of
what I want to be. It's very
hard, I think, to make the right
decision, but I pray that you
will help and guide me. Show me
what to do, let me share,
someday, my talents where
they're needed. And when you
show me, give me courage to be
generous enough to do what you
want.
Amen.
Announcements
• Hw: Read pp. 342-349
(including the grey box:
Spanish Inquisition)
• Reading Quiz tomorrow
• Pilgrimage Pamphlets
• 5k run/walk Hope for
the Future Feb 6th
• International statue of
Our Lady of Fatima/
Confessions on Tuesday
Chapter 9
Crusades, Military Orders, and
the Inquisitions
Part I
The Crusades
The Crusades
• Continuously romanticized
• Deep, dark period in Christian history
• Many Christians rather it be forgotten
The Word “Crusade”
• Series of eight
military
expeditions
(1096-1270)
• Crux: Cross
given by the
pope and his
legates
The Fall of the Holy Land
• Palestine, Egypt, and Asia Minor were
controlled by the Muslims
• Fatimite Muslims and Turks persecuted
the Christians
Fatimite Muslims
• Descendants of
Muhammad's daughter
(Fatima)
• Messiah will come to
lead the Muslims back
to the reality of the
first believers of
Islam (Mahdi)
• Not strictly orthodox
Battle of Manzikert
• Began the twohundred year
crusades
• Turks took over 2/3
of Christian lands
• Attacked
Constantinople
The Council of Clermont
• Pope Urban II
• To gain support from Westerners for the
Eastern Christians
The Crusades Began…
• With Pope Urban II proclaiming an
organized attack in defense of Christian
Europe
Islam: Religion of War?
• Islam abode; War
abode
• Anyone outside
Islam is an infidel
• Verse 9:123 "Believers, make war
on the infidels who
dwell around you."
Christian Pilgrimages
• Led to realization of
Muslim threat
• Christians were
robbed, beaten, or
killed
• Pope Gregory VII
wanted to aid
pilgrims, but was
distracted by L.I.
controversy
Goal of the Crusades
• To fend off Muslim/Turkish expansion
• Free the Holy Land
Motivation for the Crusades
• Religion
• Those who fought
for Christianity
would be rewarded
by God
• Religious
indulgences
• Reduced taxes and
debts
• Protection of
families
Indulgence
• The extra-sacramental
remission of the temporal
punishment due to sin that
has already been forgiven
• Granted after the sinner
confessed and received
absolution
Preaching the Crusades
• Pope Urban II asked sinners to repent their
sins by joining the Crusades
“All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea,
or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate
remission of sins. This I grant then through the
power if God with which I am invested.”
Blessed Peter the Hermit
• Called for a
crusade after
having a vision
of Jesus
• Harassed and
beaten
• Strong
Impact?
St. Bernard of Clairvaux
• Inspired thousands
to join Second
Crusade
• Crusaders:
“criminals and
sinners, ravishers,
and the
sacrilegious”
• Departures made
West and East
Happy
The First Crusade
(1095- 1099)
• Widely popular
• Supported financially
and politically by the
Church
• Not supported by the
Kings
• Goal: To Save
Christianity
The Jewish Communities
• Communities
attacked by
armies
• Jews blamed for
the “death” of
Christ
• Crusaders were
after money
• Many committed
suicide
Modern Ideas about the
Jews and the Crusades
• Mixed
• Jews – persecution
• Christians – seek forgiveness
Blessed Pope John Paul II
“We humbly ask for forgiveness for
the part that each of us with his or
her behaviors has played in such evils
thus contributing to disrupting the face
of the Church. At the same time, as
we confess our sins, let us forgive the
faults committed by others towards
us.”
(March 2000)
Criticism
“The Crusaders were a motley of
thieves, rapists, robbers, and
murderers, whose sins had been
forgiven by the pope in advance of the
Crusade…The brutal truth is that the
Crusades were military campaigns of the
Catholic Church to gain control of
Jerusalem…and to punish the Jews as
the alleged Christ killers on the road to
and from Jerusalem.”
(Pastor John Haggee Countdown to Jerusalem p. 114)
Criticism in the Middle Ages:
St. Francis of Assisi
• Went to Holy
Land to convert
the Sultan
• Captured, beaten,
and tortured
• Established
dialogue with the
Sultan
Successive Crusades
• Inspired by the First Crusade
• Unorganized
• Appeared as a mass migration
The Second Crusade
• Sponsored by King
Louis and Emperor
Conrad
• To Capture city of
Damascus
• Failed
• Western Christians
thought it was due to
their sins
The Third Crusade
• Richard the
Lionheart,
Emperor
Frederick, King
Philip
• Against the Turks
• Waged to capture
the True Cross
The Fourth Crusade
• To regain Jerusalem
• Ended with the sacking of Constantinople
The Children’s Crusade (1212)
• Children inspired by crusaders
• Goal was to attack the Turks
• Many sold into slavery or killed
The Outcome of the Crusades
• Kept Islam/Turks
from expanding for
400 years
• Opened new lands
and cultures
• Christianity held
steady/moved
forward
The Military Orders
PART II
Military Orders
• Created to protect
the Holy Land and
pilgrims
• Emphasized
dedication, discipline,
and monastic
organization
• Bound by vows of
poverty, chastity, and
obedience
The Knights Templar
• Oldest of
military orders
• Founded by
Frenchmen
• Protected
pilgrims
• Rule written by
St. Bernard
The Knights Templar Rule:
• Based on Cistercian Rule:
“In this order, knighthood
blossomed forth a new life;
warriors, whose sole aim in
life was once was to rob,
plunder, and to kill, have now
bound themselves by solemn
vow to defend the poor of the
Church.”
The Knights Templar
• Well known for
banking
• Safeguarded
money coming in
from east
• Destroyed by
King Philip
The Knights Hospitalers
• Devoted to caring for sick pilgrims
• Medical corps for injured crusaders
• Knights of Malta (today)
The Teutonic Knights
• German
• Modeled themselves
after the Knights
Hospitalers
• Aided in fight
against Slavs and
Tartars
• Leader converted to
the Lutheran Church
The Inquisition
PART III
Inquisition
• A special
ecclesiastical
institution for
combating or
suppressing heresy
The Inquisition
• Darkest era in the Catholic Church
• Christian Emperors- duty was to defend the
Orthodoxy of the Church
Christian Emperors
• Duty was to
defend the
Orthodoxy of
the Church
• “Office” was
Divine appointed
agent of Heaven
The Church vs. The Emperors
• Unlike the Emperors – the Church did
not think that heretics should be
treated with harsh penalties
• This view changed during the Middle
Ages
In the Middle Ages
the Catholic Church…
• Became the
dominant faith in
Europe
• Became intermingled
with European life
• Became foundation
for law and civil
authority
The Origins of the Inquisition
• Was a response
to
Albigensianism
• NOT a response
to those who
refused to
become Catholic
Albigensianism
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Soul = good
Body = evil
Dedicated to the Gospels
Practiced fasting
Embraced poverty
War, physical pleasure,
matter = evil
Albigensianism: Jesus Christ…
• Never took on a human body
• Did not die on the Cross
• Redemption did not achieve the
remission of sin
Albigensianists
• Were hostile
towards the Church
• Rejected the Mass,
Sacraments, Church
Hierarchy
• Were unaccountable
to authority
(religious and civil)
The Albigensian Threat
• Follower killed a legate
of the pope
• Pope Innocent III
called a crusade
against them
• The French King and
German Emperor
applied capital
punishment to them
Pope Gregory IX
• Grew anxious over use
of civil authority in
Church matters
• Did not speak out =
wanted Kings to like
him
• Established the
Inquisition
• Appointed the
Dominicans and
Franciscans to serve as
judges
The Inquisitors (Judges)
• Examined doctrinal and moral conduct of
suspected individuals
• Worked in context of the civil system with
papal authority
The Dominicans and Franciscans
Chosen to be Judges
• Because of
theological
training
• And would be
less likely to be
influenced by
the secular
world
The Inquisitor
Promoted and Protected….
• The Faith
• The Salvation of
souls
• The suppression
of heresy
The Inquisitor …
• Had to restrain self from using passion and
anger
• Had to face hostility fearlessly
Process for the Inquisition
• Long/complex
• Began with “Grace
Period”
• Those who chose
not to confess were
tried
• False witnesses
punished
Boni Viri
• Laymen, priests, and deacons
called to be expert witnesses:
1. Reason why the heresy or
crime was committed
2. The punishment that was
needed
The Final Verdict
• Announced with solemn
ceremony
• Charges read again to
allow accused chance
to confess
• Guilty was handed
over to the civil
authorities
The Spanish Inquisition
• Coincided with the capturing of Spain by the
Muslims
• Used as a tool to unify Spain
• Ran by civil authority
The Holy See…
• Gave Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand
judicial authority concerning matters of the
Faith
The Spanish Inquisition
Responded to…
• Jews/
Muslims who
had falsely
converted to
Catholicism
• The practice
of invalid
Masses by
false
converts
Spanish Inquisition
• Received special
permission (Pope
Sixtus IV)
• Used torture
when evidence
of sacrilege
were found
Montanus (Protestant)
• “The Black Legend”
• Written 100 years
after the Inquisition
• Claimed torture was
rampant
• “Protestants fought
with words because
they could not win on
the battlefield”
Catholic Education Resource Center
The Spanish Inquisition
• Decreased violence against the Jews
• Guilty could appeal to Rome
• Threat of legal action could not apply to nonconverts
After the Inquisition …
• Jews/Muslims told to convert or leave
The Church’s Views Today…
• Coercion condemned
by Vatican II
• Pope John Paul II
asked for the
“accurate
reenactment of the
Inquisition” before
coming to any
conclusions.