Transcript Pope Urban II called for a crusade after the Byzantine Emperor

• Pope Urban II called for a crusade after the Byzantine Emperor
asked for assistance against the Turks.
•Main army consisted of well-trained French and Norman
Knights; this army was joined by Byzantine forces in
Constantinople.
• In 1097, the armies won the first major battle near Nicaea, now
in north-western Turkey.
• Inter-army conflict spilt the forces; the Western European
forces march towards Jerusalem, fighting battles along the way.
• After Antioch was captured, the Turks attacked, but the
discovery of a lance said to have wounded Jesus on the cross
inspired the Crusaders to a great victory.
• In 1099 they arrived at Jerusalem and after 6 weeks of fighting
they reclaimed the city.
•King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany
both lead armies into Asia Minor, but their armies suffered
from a lack of cooperation.
• The two armies were defeated.
• In 1183, Saladin, the sultan of Egypt and Syria, united the Muslims
against the Christian states and in 1187 Saladin defeated the Christians
after which he retook Jerusalem.
• The loss of Jerusalem inspired the Third Crusade;
•The leaders of the Third Crusade included Richard the I of England, Philip
II of France, and Frederick I of Germany.
• Frederick drowned in 1190 on his way to the Holy Land after falling off of
his horse; quarreling between Richard and Philip limited the success of the
crusaders.
•Richard failed to free Jerusalem, but he negotiated a treaty with Salahadin
that allowed Christian pilgrims to freely enter Jerusalem.
• Resulting from the failure of the Third Crusade to capture Jerusalem,
the Fourth Crusade became tangled in Byzantine politics and never
reached their goal.
•In 1203 the crusaders seized Constantinople and made Alexius and his
dad Issac co-emperors; but Alexius could not fulfil promised he had made
to supply them with gold and other aid.
• So in 1204, the crusaders captured Constantinople again and made
Baldwin of Flanders the new emperor. This Latin Empire of
Constantinople lasted until 1261.
• Thousands of boys and girls from ages 10
to 18 became convinced that they could
recapture Jerusalem.
• They expected God to let them win because
they were poor and faithful and also expected
God to part the waters of the Mediterranean
so that they could get to the Holy Land.
• None of them reached the Holy Land.
• Many died or froze during the march to the
Mediterranean, and when the waters didn’t
part, the others returned home.
• Some got aboard easterly bound ships and
drowned.
• The Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) had the success of capturing
the town of Damietta in Egypt; future efforts to win stuff failed.
• The Sixth Crusade (1228-1229) was led by Emperor Frederick
II of the Holy Roman Empire. He negotiated a peace with the
Muslims and received Jerusalem from the sultan.
• The loss of Jerusalem in 1244 led to the Seventh Crusade,
led by Louis IX of France (Saint Louis). He tried to capture
Egyptian cities, but he was captured instead and ransomed
back to his people for a huge sum.
• In 1270 Louis led the Eighth Crusade, but he soon died when
the plague broke out.
• The Muslims continued to gain territory
• In 1268 they captured Antioch, and in 1291 they seized Acre,
the last Christian stronghold.
• Europeans lost interest in the Holy Land, and several
attempts to get a crusade in the 1300s and 1400s failed.
• Instead, Europe turned to the New World when Columbus
found America and gave the Holy Land to the Muslims.
Kenneth Reinker
Quran Kariem
Ben Haas
Andrew Feury
Ahmed El-Helw