Transcript Church Reform

The “Middle” Middle Ages
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Feudalistic Europe
Charlemagne's Kingdom
Invasions
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Vikings
 Attacked and looted monasteries
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Mongols
The church is the only source of stability
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Problems
 Corruption
 Learning not occurring
 Monks could barely read
 Popes had questionable morals
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Starting in the 1000s a
spiritual revival spread across
Europe
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Reforms
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 New monastery founded in 910
C.E.
 Followed Benedictine’s Rule
 Reputation for virtue
Led by Monasteries
 Wanted to return to basic
principles of Christianity
 New orders founded
 Popes began to reform the
Church
 300 orders by 1000 C.E.
 Began reform movement
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 Restored and expanded power
 “Age of Faith”
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Village priests married
Positions in the church sold!!
Called Simony
Practice of Lay Investiture
 Kings in control of Church
Bishops
Pope Leo IX
 1049 C.E.
 Enforced laws against Priest
Problems
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Cluny, France
marriage and Simony
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Pope Gregory VII
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1073 C.E.
Spent time at Cluny
Determined to reform the church
Restructured the church
 Pope advised by Curia
 Curia acted as a court and
developed Canon Law
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Early 1200s
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Dominicans
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Wandering friars spread
Christianity
Took vows of Chastity,
poverty, and obedience
Preached to the poor
One of the earliest orders
Founded by Dominic
Emphasized importance of
learning, study
Franciscans
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Founded by St. Francis of
Assisi
Son of a rich merchant
Gave up wealth to preach at
20 years old
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Women also participated in
spiritual revival
Women joined the
Dominicans
1212 C.E.
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A Franciscan order for women
known as the Poor Clares
opened
Founded by Clare and St.
Francis of Assisi
Not allowed to travel
Lived in poverty
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Between 800 and 1100 a
new style of architecture
influenced Churches
Styles
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Romanesque
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Round arches
Heavy roof
Thick pillars, walls
Little light
Gothic
 Appeared around 1100s
 Thrust upward toward
heaven
 Huge stained-glass
windows
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Islam
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India
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Empire of Ghana expanding
Trading Gold
Americas
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Strong central government
Advances in technology: paper, printing, gunpowder
West Africa
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Land of thriving cities
Politically divided
Hinduism and Buddhism flourished
China
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Brilliant new civilization spread from Spain to India
Traders traded goods and ideas
Mayas building cities
Incas flourishing in Peru
Byzantine Empire
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Prospering
Scholars studying Greek and Roman classics
Constantinople was capital
Turks invade in 1050s and control Byzantine empire by 1071
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1093 Byzantine Empire Alexius I
asked Pope Urban III for help
fighting the Seljuk Turks
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Urban agrees and calls for help at
the Council of Clermont in 1095
 Rallied warriors for the liberation of
Jerusalem and Holy Land from the
Infidels, or unbelievers, the Muslims
 “all who die shall have immediate
remission of sins”
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Within a year knights were on their
way
Motives:
Knights wanted to win wealth and land
Were promised remission of their sins
adventure
Crusaders wanted to escape trouble at
home
 Pope Urban wanted to increase power
and help heal schism
 Kings and Princes used crusades to
legitimize their rule by presenting
themselves as a truly “Christian” state
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To recover Jerusalem and the Holy
from the Muslim Turks.
Land
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Promise of riches, a release from
their sins,
and a place in Heaven if they died on Crusade
Younger sons were looking for land and a
position in society
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Get rid of knights were fought each other and
threatened the peace of the kingdom
Conquer land held by Byzantine Empire
Began as three organized bands of
warriors, mainly French
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1st organized group led by Godfrey of
Bouillon
 1097: ill prepared Crusaders gathered in
Constantinople. They had no plan or
information and argued constantly.
 Several thousands of warriors
 Captured Antioch in 1098
 Traveled down the coast until they
reached Jerusalem in June 1099
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1099: they finally captured Jerusalem
after a month-long battle
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Massacred Muslim and Jewish residents
Established four states, each ruled by a
European Noble
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Depended on Italian states for supplies
Led by Godfrey, crowned “protector of
Holy Sepulchre”
Cities like Venice, Genoa, and Pisa grew
rich
1114: Edessa was reconquered by the
Turks
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Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
called for another crusade 1147
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King Louis VII of France and
Emperor Conrad of Germany enlist
in the 2nd crusade
Campaign was a failure
Initiated the Reconquista in Spain
Organized to recapture the city of
Edessa but the armies escaped back
to Europe in defeat
1187: Europeans were shocked to
learn Jerusalem itself had fallen to the
Muslim leader Saladin
 Defeated Europeans at Mount
Hattin
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3rd crusade:
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Led by Richard the Lionhearted, the English King
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of
Germany and Philip II Augustus,
King of France participated
Frederick drowned in a river
Philip and Richard took Acre in
1191
Philip sailed back to France after a
disagreement
Christians tried to retake Jerusalem
but failed
1192: After many battles,
Richard and Saladin agreed
to a truce
Jerusalem was still under
Muslim control, but Saladin
promised that unarmed
Christian pilgrims could
freely visit the city’s holy
places
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1198: Pope Innocent III calls for another
Crusade to capture Jerusalem
The knights get caught up in Italian and
Byzantine politics on their way
1204: They end up looting the city of
Constantinople and end the Crusade
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Showed corruption of Crusade idea
Byzantine empire did not regain control until
1261
 Was not the same power
 Would continue to be weakened until Ottoman Turks
conquered it in 1453
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Crusades were not just in Jerusalem but also in
North Africa
Crusades ended with city of Acre being
captured in 1291 and a bloody massacre of
Christians
Christian Knights withdrew from Holy Land
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Knights Templar
 Went to France
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Teutonic Knights
 Went to Baltic to continue fight against Muslims
 1309 moved headquarters to Rhodes
 Given Malta by Emperor Charles V, not conquered until 1798
by Napoleon
Impacts of the Crusades
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Increased trade between Europe and
Southwest Asia
Goods imported from S.W. Asia
included spices, fruits, cotton, and
cloth
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Lessened the power of the Pope
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Weakened the feudal nobility
Thousands of knights lost their lives
and fortunes
Kings become stronger
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European technology
improves as Crusaders
learn from Muslims
Windmills, Algebra,
Medicine, and Arabic
numbers are all
brought over from the
Muslims
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Religious intolerance grows
For Muslims, the actions of Crusaders
left behind feelings of bitterness and
hatred
For Christians who remained in the area
after the fall of the Crusader states,
relations with Muslims worsened
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Bitter legacy
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Religious hatred between Muslims and Christians
Crusaders turned hatred towards Jews
Economic Expansion
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Increased trade
 Italian port cities became very wealthy and dominant in trade
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Encouraged growth of money economy
 Helped undermine serfdom
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Power of Monarchs
Increased feudal power of monarchs, decreased power of feudalism
 Rights to levy, or collect, taxes, to support crusades
 Some led crusades, like Louis IX, added to their fame
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Church
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Papal power at its greatest height
Ended with clashes with feudal monarchs
Schism never healed
Worldview
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Contact with Muslims lead to want to understand larger world
Creates trade with India and China and will lead to age of Exploration
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Crusading spirit continued in Spain
Christians longed to reclaim their land from the
Muslims
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Called the Reconquista or “reconquest”
1085: recaptured city of Toledo
1300: Christians controlled almost of all Spain
Muslim influence remained
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1469 Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of
Aragon
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Created a unified state
Combined forces to finally expel the Muslims
1492 completed the Reconquista with the capture of
Granada
Isabella ended Muslim policy of religious toleration
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Supports the Inquisition
Court to accuse people of heresy
Jews and Muslims attacked and burned at the stake
Isabella expelled Jews in 1492 and Muslims that didn’t
convert by 1502