Transcript Chapter 1 - Exploration

Chapter 1 – New World Encounters
Describe the “encounter” between the Native
Americans and the Europeans from the
perspective of each group.
The “Encounter”
From the perspective of the Native Americans…
• The Native Americans believed the Europeans should “conform” to the customs
of the Indians not the other way around. (p. 3 example about a crime
committed by a Native American against the colonists in MD)
• Native Americans lacked a strong immune system to ward off germs & the
diseases carried by the Europeans, resulting in death for many.
• Native American cultures were challenged.
• Native Americans were “curious” at first, not hostile.
• Native Americans traded with Europeans; wanted guns while the Europeans
wanted pelts, furs.
• Conflict over land & the idea of owning land.
• Resisted enslavement which led to Europeans looking for a new source of labor
– African slaves
The “Encounter”
From the perspective of the Europeans…
• Europeans saw themselves as superior and the
Native Americans as savages, as primitive, as
uncivilized.
• Europeans did not respect Native American culture.
• One of conquest and settlement.
• Could result in economic & technological progress
• Saw Indians as a source of labor (tried to enslave
them)
Were the Europeans successful in
“Americanizing” the Native Americans?
Read page 10 and decide for yourself.
Were the Native Americans
“civilized?
Native Americans
Remember the first inhabitants of the New World
were the Native Americans.
• Native Americans migrated to the Americas from Asia
by crossing the Bering Strait; were mainly nomadic at
first.
• As they adjusted to their environment, they developed
new food sources and were not dependent on hunting
& gathering. (Agricultural Revolution)
• Produced technology (ceramics) for grain storage.
• Established permanent villages with leaders and roles
for village members. Established a hierarchy and a
division of labor.
Were the Native Americans a
united people? Why or why not?
No – there were over 300 separate languages;
they allied with Europeans before other Native
Americans making European conquest
successful.
Yes – they traded with other tribes; shared a
similar organization (kinship, clans)
The Discovery of the New World
• Did Columbus discover the New World in
1492?
• Rather than a discovery, the Europeans under
Columbus actually brought into contact 3
“old” worlds – Europe, Africa, & America.
• This contact is often called the Columbian
Exchange.
The Columbian Exchange
New World
Africa
Maize/corn
slaves
Potatoes
Tobacco
tomato
vanilla
Cacao (kuh kah oh)
Europe
sugar
horses, 1547
pigs, cattle
diseases
the wheel
firearms
So, who discovered the Americas?
• The Native Americans!
• The Vikings or Norsemen discovered
Greenland, Newfoundland
Africa
• 1st explored by the Portuguese who were
looking for gold and for slaves
• The Portuguese were also the first to explore
the Americas, searching for a water route to
Asia
Explorers
Vasco da Gama – sailed for Portugal; reached India by
sailing around Africa; found spices
Pizzarro – Spanish conquistador (conqueror) who
conquered the Incas of Peru
Cortes – Spanish conquistador, conquered the Aztecs of
Mexico
Cartier – claimed Canada for France
Verrazzano – looked for NW passage but was not
successful
Champlain – explored for France; founded Quebec
John Cabot – the first to explore for England
More Explorers
• Prince Henry or Henry the Navigator – opened a
school for sailors, developed the caravel which could
sail with and against the wind
• Dias – sailed around the southernmost cape of
Africa, called the Cape of Good Hope
• Magellan – the first to circumnavigate (sail around)
the world (died before voyage was completed)
• Columbus – never admitted to finding a New World;
an Italian who sailed for Spain, landed in the
Bahamas; until he died, Columbus thought he had
reached Asia (Cathay, China)
• Ponce de Leon – founded Florida
conquistadors
• Spanish for conqueror
• Conquistadors sought instant glory & wealth.
• Conquistadors did not want to establish
permanent settlements.
• To gain control over the conquistadors,
Isabella & Ferdinand granted Indian villages
(land) to the conquistadors and gave them the
right to use the Native Americans as laborers;
basically exploiting the Native Americans.
Reasons to Explore
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Adventure
Wealth
God, gold, glory (Spanish)
A new start in life
Find a Northwest passage to Asia (common among
all Europeans)
To colonize
To establish an empire
To spread Christianity
For religious freedom
Why did Europeans delay
exploration?
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Lacked strong government
Lacked money, resources
Lacked education, knowledge
Plagues such as the Black Death
Factors that “enabled” Europeans to
explore (p. 16)
1. Technology & knowledge – printing press, improved maps
(cartography), knew the world was round
2. Political authority was more centralized – new monarchs –
the rise of nation states to replace kingdoms, thus ending
feudalism
3. The Renaissance – took place 1350-1550; the rebirth of
learning which sparked curiosity & sparked a
communications revolution
4. Growth in population – led to the rise in the price of land
5. The demand for luxury goods
6. Europe became more prosperous
The Renaissance
1350-1550
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Led to the age of exploration
New technology/innovations such as:
Cartography
Compass – now they knew which direction their ship was moving
Astrolabe – used the sun or a star to determine latitude
Lateen or triangular sails
Caravels – ships that were easy to maneuver & could carry cannon
Gunpowder (China) led to the development of cannon & muskets
so explorers no longer feared hostile natives in strange lands
 Printing press (1440s) – led to the wide distribution of maps, sea
charts, travelers’ tales; increased geographic knowledge &
aroused curiosity about distant countries
Spanish Exploration
• Spain was the #1 world power by 1500. How did this happen? The
uniting of monarchs – Ferdinand & Isabella – created a centralized
political authority.
• Motives: God, gold, glory
• Ferdinand & Isabella financed Columbus and his voyages
• St. Augustine – the first permanent European settlement; a
defensive base to ensure the safety of ships traveling from Cuba to
Spain
• Conquistadors – conquerors such as Pizarro & Cortes
• Encomienda system – a way to control the conquistadors
• The Spanish intermarried with the Native Americans; were more
tolerant of racial differences.
• The Spanish gained a lot of wealth which led to inflation. The
money (wealth) was used to fund wars and not invest or
industrialize so Spain became dependent on bullion (gold & silver)
from the Americas. This misuse of funds led to their downfall.
Spanish Exploration cont.
• Encounter w/Native Americans resulted in a blended culture
with the Spanish being superior
• Established missions to spread Catholicism
• Spain & Portugal were rivals; began claiming each other’s
lands which resulted in the Pope issuing the Treaty of
Tordesillas which established the Line of Demarcation.
• All the land east of the line could be claimed by Portugal and
all the land west of the line could be claimed by Spain.
• Pueblo Revolt, 1680 – The Spanish were driven out by the
Indians (NM, AZ, TX) – one of the most successful Native
American wars of resistance in North American history.
Amerigo Vespucci
• An Italian explorer who explored the coast of
South America
• Sailed for the Portuguese on his 2nd voyage.
He described his travels and was the first to
identify the New World of North and South
America as separate from Asia.
• America was named after him
French Exploration
• Explorers lacked support and adequate funding
from the French crown.
• Motives: wealth, spread Christianity
• Became economic partners with the Native
Americans (fur trade)
• Established settlements in New Orleans/LA,
Canada – New France (Old Northwest territory)
• Few colonists, mostly men; built forts rather than
establish colonies
English Exploration
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England & Spain were rivals.
Saw Native Americans as obstacles.
Established independent farms.
John Cabot – the 1st to explore for England
(Hudson Bay area) was looking for a NW
passage
• Exploration began under Elizabeth I
• Sea dogs/privateers/pirates – Sir Francis
Drake, Sir John Hawkins – seized Spanish
treasure ships
• Spanish Armada 1588 – English defeated it; set the way
for the English to explore.
• First took over Ireland which shaped their way of
colonizing and how they would treat the Native
Americans. Taught them how to take lands and control
the people.
• Encounter w/Native Americans – conquer & remake
• The Lost Colony (Sir Walter Raleigh) – 2 attempts were
made to establish a colony in Roanoke which was
doomed for failure from the start because it was
difficult to reach & England was dealing with Spain and
the Armada and Queen Elizabeth didn’t want to
alienate Philip II unnecessarily by sponsoring a colony
on land long ago claimed by Spain.
• Jamestown – 1st permanent English colony, 1607