Transcript European Exploration and the Collapse of Native

The Age of Exploration and the
Collapse of Native Cultures in
the Americas
Native American, European and
African Cultures Collide
Pre Columbus Explorations
The Travels of Marco Polo
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Vikings, Turks, and Mongols
encouraged trade between
regions
Pax Mongolica (Mongol
Peace) actually allowed for
the free and safe flow of
trade along the Silk Road
from Europe to Asia
Kubilai Khan (grandson of
Genghis Khan) always
interested in new cultures
and ideas from far away
The Travels of Marco Polo
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From Venice, Italy
Sent by the pope
Most famous visitor to
Kubilai Khan’s China
1274-75
Spent 20 years traveling
the Mongolian Empire
The book of his travels
the 2nd most widely read
book in the world
The Travels of Ibn Battuta
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From Morocco
1300s
Muslim
Traveled and explored all
over Europe, northern
Africa, the Middle East,
India, southern China and
SE Asia
Showed us what much of
Muslim world looked like
The Travels of Zheng He
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Early 1405-1430s
Use of Chinese junks-most
seaworthy ships of the day
using lanteen sails
Explored in huge fleets
Explored from China, SE Asia,
Red Sea and E. Africa
Purpose: assert China’s
power-took tribute from the
people they visited
Brought back giraffes from
Africa
Rumor has it the Zheng He made it all the way to the
California coast
The Chinese Emperor Yongle ended the voyages abruptly-too
costly and concerned about too much foreign influence
Portuguese Exploration to Africa
and Asia in the 1400s
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Portuguese-1st Europeans
to take long sea voyages
Muslims expelled from
Spain and Portugal
Henry the Navigatormagnetic compass and
astrolabe-improved
navigation
Vasco de Gama-sailed
around tip of Africa
Pedro Cabral-Brazil 1500
Why did the European Explorers
Go to the New World?
PUSH and PULL Factors
PUSH Factors-factors in Europe
that pushed Europeans away
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Poverty
Religious persecution
Not enough resources
No freedom
Disease
Crowded, overpopulated
PULL Factors-Factors that Pulled
(attracted Europeans to the New
World)
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Plenty of Land, cheap
Freedom
More resources
More job opportunities
To see new places
What New Inventions during the Renaissance
made worldwide exploration possible in the
1500s?
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Better, more
accurate maps
The compass and
astrolabe
The Caravel Shipmore maneuverable
and could carry
larger and heavier
cargo, including
horses and weapons
How did the Europeans
(especially the Spanish) rule over
Latin America?
Imperialism
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European nations used imperialism to rule
Latin America and the rest of the New
World including the United States
The European made money through the
economic theory of mercantilism
The Ideas of Mercantilism
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Accumulate as much gold, silver and diamonds
as possible
Establish colonies to make money by obtaining
raw materials with the help of slave labor.
Send raw materials back home to be
manufactured or made into finished product
In order to make a profit, country must export
(send out) more finished products than they
import (bring in)
Mercantilism was how many European countries
(especially Spain) profited in Latin America
What happened as a result of
Europeans’ encounter with the
Natives of Latin America and
Africa?
1. The Columbian Exchange
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When Europeans and their African slaves came to
the Americas, 3 separate “worlds”, or cultures
(European, African and Native American) were
brought together.
Plants, foods, animals and diseases were
exchanged between these 3 cultures.
This exchange is known as the “Columbian
Exchange” because Columbus’s exploration
voyage started the exchange
Cristobal Colon (Columbus) [1451-1506]
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Other Voyages of Exploration
Ferdinand Magellan- the First
Circumnavigation of the World:
Early 16c
Atlantic Explorations
The Treaty of Tordesillas
• 1494
• Dividing line between
Portuguese and Spanish
land claims
• Changed the focus
(except Brazil) of
Portuguese explorations
to the Indian Ocean
basin
Looking for “El Dorado”
The Columbian Exchange
The “Columbian Exchange”
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Squash
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Avocado
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Peppers
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Sweet Potatoes
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Turkey
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Pumpkin
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Tobacco
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Quinine
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Cocoa
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Pineapple
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Cassava
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POTATO
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Peanut
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TOMATO
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Vanilla
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MAIZE
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Syphilis
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Trinkets
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Liquor
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GUNS
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Olive
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COFFEE BEAN
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Banana
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Rice
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Onion
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Turnip
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Honeybee
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Barley
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Grape
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Peach
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SUGAR CANE
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Oats
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Citrus Fruits
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Pear
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Wheat
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HORSE
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Cattle
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Sheep
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Pigs
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Smallpox
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Flu
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Typhus
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Measles
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Malaria
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Diptheria
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Whooping Cough
2. Native American Civilizations
were conquered by the Europeans
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Great Civilizations such
as the Aztecs (Central
Mexico), Incas (South
America) and Mayas
(Southern Mexico) were
conquered and destroyed
by the Europeans
One by one, Natives lost
control of their tribal and
sacred lands
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
The Death of Montezuma II
3. Death, disease and more death
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Disease brought from Europeans and
Africans killed millions of Native
Americans who had no resistance to them.
Measles, smallpox and STDs (Sexually
Transmitted Diseases) were the biggest
killers
Many Native Americans and African slaves
were worked to death on plantations
A Smallpox Victim
4. Christianity Spread to the New
World
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Spanish Christian
missionaries ventured all
over Latin America
introducing the gospel of
Jesus Christ to the
natives establishing
missions (farm
communities)
In some cases, though the
Spanish Catholic Church
forced natives to convert
to Christianity
5. Spain Gained Great Wealth
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The Spaniards
amassed an incredible
amount of wealth in
Latin America-gold
and silver mining,
plantation farming
(sugar, tobacco, rice,
etc.)
6. The Spanish Language spread
all over Latin America
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Today, Spanish is now widely spoken in:
Most of South America (except BrazilPortuguese)
Central America-Mexico, Guatemala,
Costa Rica, Honduras, etc.
Some of the Caribbean Islands (Cuba,
Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic)
7. Slavery became a worldwide
business
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Millions, possibly as much as 30 million
black Africans were removed from their
homeland and sold into slavery
Most sent to Caribbean region, Southern
United States, and Brazil
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
African Captives
Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
European Explorers
Ferdinand Magellan-Portuguese
for Spain
Christopher Columbus: Italian
for Spain)
Francisco Pizzaro-Spain
Hernan Cortes- Spain
Vasco Nunez de Balboa-Spain
Francis Xavier- Spanish for
Portugal
John Cabot- English
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo- Spain
Vasco da Gama-Portuguese