Transcript The Maritime Revolution, Chapter 15

The Maritime Revolution,
To 1550 (Ch. 15)
• Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450
– Pacific Ocean
• What was going on in the Pacific Ocean before the Europeans
entered?
– Tons of movement between the Polynesians. This evidence by the
following:
» Madagascar was first inhabited by Polynesians.
» The Sweet Potato was indigenous to S. America.
» The 1976 Hokulea experiment.
» See map on Page 414: map 15.1
Pacific Ocean Movement
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean
• Madagascar people speak Malayo-Polynesian
languages that were born from the
Polynesians from 300 CE to present.
• The rise of Indian Ocean importance came
from the medieval Islamic world.
Why did the Muslims have such a huge
impact on the trading systems throughout the
Indian Ocean?
The Muslim importance continued….
• Muslim cities were growing due to the desire that
many had in gaining knowledge of the Islamic
faith.
• These cities demanded many goods that trade
from the Indian Ocean provided.
• The Muslim traders tied the entire Indian Ocean
region together.
• Those who traded with the Muslims shared
common traits: Languages, ethnicities, law and
the spread of the Islamic religion.
Indian Ocean (Continued)
• Another reason there was a lot of trading in
the Indian Ocean was b/c:
– It Was Easy.
• Monsoon winds were predictable.
• Need for manned boats, massive oars and large
number of deck hands like the Mediterranean Ships
was not needed.
• With Islam spreading, a commonality was spreading
among many different types of humans, too.
Ming China and their impact on the
Indian Ocean
• 1368, the Mongols were booted out of China
and the Ming wanted to re-establish itself as
the dominant leader in the “World.”
– Sent out seven imperial fleets between 1405 –
1433. Other reasons for this emergence:
• Sheer curiosity
• Making money and commerce was a motive, too.
• Flex their Chinese muscles, too by creating alliances
with all those they encountered.
Ming China (continued)
Look how much bigger the Junk is
compared to that of the European
Caravel Ship.
Ming (continued)
• Junk Ships carried:
– Rich silks
– Precious metals
– Other valuable gifts for distant rulers
• This stimulated diplomatic and economic encounters
between the Chinese and many Indian Ocean societies from
India to the Swahili Coast of Africa.
• Swahili Coasts societies even went so far as to send
delegates to China bringing such exotic gifts like giraffes.
So what happened to the Ming?
• By 1433, they had completely stopped all their
voyages. They burned & destroyed all
evidence that those voyages even took place.
Zheng He was out of a job!
• WHY?
– Opposed contact with outside peoples
– Outside peoples were “barbarians”
– Need to focus on interior problems of China.
The effects of the Mongols
• “We want to work on inner China”…means that
they do not want another Mongol invasion. This
costs money to build more walls, more military
personnel, etc. Can’t afford these along with
costly voyages.
• Also, the last time they interacted with the
outside world (Silk Road) …look what it brought
us: The Mongols and disease.
• “Let’s just get out of the Indian Ocean.”
“Everything that is important to China is in
China.”
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean (continued)
Vikings
• Perhaps the greatest mariners of the Atlantic
in the early Middle Ages were the Vikings.
– Remember, they are the ones that caused all
those Europeans to gather around the “King” for
protection once the Roman Empire fell…helped to
create Feudal societies throughout Europe.
– During these warm centuries, they settled one
island after another…Greenland, Iceland, etc.
– No instruments, like the Polynesians, they used
stars, moon, and celestial bodies to navigate.
Vikings
• Iceland 770 CE
• Greenland 982 CE
• Vinland around 1000CE (Newfoundland)
– Around 1200 cooler weather predominated and
these worlds were abandoned. They would live
forever in Norse sagas, though.
Amerindians
• The Arawak (Taino) were the ones that
migrated to create new worlds in the West
Indies.
– Moved up from Barbados and Martinique and
moved into the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola,
Jamaica, and Puerto Rico as well as the Bahamas.
– Some evidence is available that the Arawak also
may have traveled to mainland North America.
West Indies
European Expansion
1400-1550
Lets Look at Europe in 1500
European Cities
European Expansion
• All those that came before (preceded) the
Europeans entering the exploration business,
did not have the affect on World History like
those from the Iberian Peninsula.
• What explains this phenomenon?
• Two things!
Phenomenon of European Expansion
explained
• Leadership
– Strong economically
– Religiously cohesive
– Politically motivated
• Technology
– Advancements made in
the astrolabe, compass,
the Caravel Ship with its
triangular masts.
– Technology allowed for
the taking over of the
treacherous waters of
the Atlantic
So, What motivated the Iberian?
• 4 Things
– The revival of Urban life called for a want of exotic
goods
– The odd relationship that was taking place
between merchants and rulers
– Can’t dominate the Mediterranean due to the
Muslim influence already there, so let’s move to
the Atlantic Ocean and beat the Middle Man.
– Growing curiosity of the outside world.
Spaniards and Portuguese said, “Lets find a
route to India that doesn’t included these
guys in the Middle East”
Power players in Italy (Venice and
Genoa) …what did they do?
• Maintained a profitable and somewhat
peaceful trading system w/in the Med. Sea.
• They continued to pursue these peaceful
alliances with Muslim traders.
• They were able to make good $ from this
trading system.
– In other words, they had no reason to look for
more desirous routes to India. They already had
them!!
Also,
• The Genoese and Venetian peoples are right
in the middle of the Catholic Church and Papal
State that the Pope ruled.
– This is not a hot bed of new ideas and change
– Why mess with something that is not “Broken”
Portuguese Voyages
• Portugal got involved in exploration for two
reasons:
1. They were always involved in the massive fishing
industry that being next to both the MED SEA
and the Atlantic Ocean brings.
2. They were constantly, like the Spanish, trying to
eradicate Muslim peoples from their lands. This
brings them to N. Africa and looking at the Gold
Trade that was already in place. Remember
Mansa Musa?!!
Portuguese
• They first try to penetrate Morocco. This was
unsuccessful, so they moved south.
• Remember that Portugal is small in population
and Spain is very large in population. This
leads to: Portugal wanting to just create trade
centers whereas the Spanish will be looking
for new homes and lands to move a
burgeoning population to.
• Keep that in mind while we discuss Portugal and Spain and the way
they developed their respective empires.
Prince Henry the Navigator.
Devoted his life to
Exploration while actually not
exploring!
-He founded a research center in Portugal.
-Got his ideas from the Genoese from Italy
and Jewish mapmakers (cartographers)
-Beginning in the 1410s, he would send
students out with the purpose of:
Converting Africans to Christians
Hoping to creates “Crusades”
against the Ottomans.
Only Later did finding India really
become a goal.
No one man had more to do with drawing
and creating a workable map of the Western
Coast of Africa than Prince Henry. He was
also very responsible for helping create a
better compass and the Caravel Ship.
The Astrolobe and the Caravel Ship
Muslim Astrolobe that would be turned
into a compass by Prince Henry
A Portuguese
Caravel ship. Notice the Cross from the
Order of Christ. Could hold about 20 men.
So! What is so big about the Caravel
Ship
The Caravel has many advantages.
1. It is small. That is to say, it is manageable over, say, the Chinese
Junk.
2. Due to its small size it can navigate in shallow waters and even
run up and down rivers once those are found.
3. Even more, they are strong enough to take on the terrific storms
that are synonymous with the Atlantic Ocean.
4. The lateen sails make wind management easier and from any
side it may be penetrating the vessel.
5. Caravels had great maneuverability.
6. Change the sail to a more square sail, a following wind, and the
ship will absolutely fly along the water.
7. Put a small cannon on the boat and it is a spirited fighting
machine as well.
8. Due to its cheap cost to build, speed, agility, and power..they
were dubbed “The best ships that sailed the seas.”
Getting Home
• Don’t fight the prevailing NW Winds to get back
to Portugal by sailing up the coast of Africa.
Rather, use the Westerly winds that would quickly
bring sailors back home.
• Problem: You almost have to swing out to S.
America to pull off this feat.
• What’s this mean? It takes decades to create
advancements into this unknown. But once they
discovered a method, the rapid increase of more
sailing and exploration would blossom.
So, who pays for all this?
• Well, before they became profitable, it was
the good people of the Order of Christ. These
are the guys left over after the Order of
Knights of Templar was disbanded in 1314.
These are the same guys that got really rich
from all the Christian and Muslim Crusades
that took place during the Medieval era.
Convent of Christ
in Castle Tomar,
Portugal.
Built in 1160, this was a
very important stronghold
for the Knights of Templar.
This became the
headquarters for the Order
of Christ. They are the
men responsible for
initially funding the
Portuguese explorations.
Obviously the first motive
for exploration was to seek
out converts for
Christianity. This would
change once slaving was
introduced.
So what do you do to make a profit as
a Portuguese sailor?
• The gold industry was hard to get into. After
all trying to erase the middle man (Muslims)
from the Gold Industry in Sub-Sahara Africa
was difficult…its gold! Come, on…plus they
are in Africa and remember, the Portuguese
stayed along the coast of Africa.
• The answer is slavery. This system was
monopolized by the Western African Kings
starting in Benin and the Gold Coast (Ghana).
Elima Castle, in Gold Coast (Ghana). This is a
castle built by the Portuguese once they had
created the slave trade.
Gold and Slaves
• By 1457, so much gold was coming back to
Portugal that coins were now printed in Gold.
• Also, slavery was being used on the Island of
Sao Tome. Here, slaves from mainland Africa
were used to create sugar plantations where
sugar was brought back to Portugal to sell all
over Europe or in the making of Rum that was
used as a great trade item all around the
world.
Sao Tome
The two Portuguese Big Boys
Bartolomeu Dias
Vasco da Gama
Dias and da Gama
• Dias sailed to the southern tip of Africa in 1488.
He came back due to failing supplies.
• da Gama completed the tour to India 10 years
later.
• Again! They began this navigation of Northern
Africa some 100 years prior. Now they are just
turning the corner in Southern Africa. See what I
mean…it takes a while to explore … largely in part
b/c you are drawing the map as you go!!
Differing routes
Dias in 1488
da Gama in 1498
Who was Pedro Alvares Cabral?
• In 1500, he overshot a return trip to Portugal
from India once he got to the Southern tip of
Africa. He accidentally landed on present day
Brazil, S. America.
• Remember the sugar plantations on the small
island of Sao Tome? The Portuguese will
simply transplant that operation to one of the
largest countries in the world….by accident!!
Spanish Voyages (page 422)
• Again, notice here in this section how the
Spanish are not like the Portuguese in that
they do more exploring on land…the
Portuguese (much like their name: Port
((Door)) they just want to look through the
door) want to just stay on the edge of the
land. Spanish use Conquistador…which
means Conqueror…they are there to take over.
Christopher
Columbus
A Genoese Italian. He was
probably prompted in his
earlier life to explore due to
ideas brought back by Marco
Polo, a Genoese citizen from
150 years prior.
Was an accomplished sailor
and explorer for several
companies and wealthy
people.
It was the Spanish that would
hire him to find a better route
to the Indies (India) than the
Portuguese had found.
Perhaps a route that would
make the turn around time
faster.
Columbus pleading with Queen
Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain
Why were the Spanish late in joining
their neighbor in the exploration
game?
• They were getting rid of the Muslims in Spain
• They were busy uniting all of Spain under one
centralized rule by the marriage of their king
and queen.
• These internal issues kept them pretty busy.
Notice the differences between the
Portuguese and Spanish.
• Portugal had worked for over 100 years trying
to find a new route to India as opposed to
traveling through the dangerous Med. Sea.
• Spain immediately went west and discovered
the Americas and had taken over Mexico and
Peru in just 50 years.
• Hard Work vs. Luck?
More on Columbus
• He had a theory:
– “You can sail due west and be in India in no time”
– Who will buy this theory?
– Portugal thought he was crazy and dismissed him
from their court.
– The Italians had no interest in rocking their apple cart
– The Spaniards were behind the curve and took the
gamble. Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand
sponsored his voyage.
– When they agreed, the Spaniards had just defeated
those lasting Muslims in Granada. Nothing like
timing!
First 4 voyages of Columbus
Evidence that Columbus was going to
go to India via traveling West.
• He had letters addressed to the Great Khan in
China.
• He had letters addressed to other Eastern
rulers.
• He brought a Jewish-converted to Christianityso as to be able to translate the Arabic
languages spoken by the Muslim traders they
were “going” to meet once there.
Pope steps in
• Treaty of Tordesillas
– This will separate all things found both east and
west.
– Pope Alexander VI drew up this document. (see
how important the Pope can be at times)
– All things West would belong to the Spaniards.
– All things East would belong to the Portuguese.
– This line was drawn down the heart of Brazil.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Need the islands of Moluccas
Spaniards cared only about the
Moluccas Islands. Why?
• Because this is where the pepper, nutmeg,
ginger, etc. came from.
• Remember this. A small box the size of a loaf
of bread containing spices could bring a profit
of anywhere from 100 to 500%.
• Now, why is America called America and not
Columbia?
Amerigo Vespucci
• He actually would follow up on Columbus and
draw the map that created the Eastern
seashore of Central and South America
• Why didn’t Columbus?
– B/c he was obsessed that every new South
American land that he found on trip 2, trip 3, etc.
was indeed Asia and India was right around the
corner.
Amerigo Vespucci’s world as he saw it.
So who was Ferdinand Magellan?
• First person to circumnavigate the globe. Sort
of!!
– He died in the Philippines and his men just kept on
going.
– They found the Moluccas Islands.
– They would later stay in the Philippines and take the
place over by 1541. Manila, Philippines.
– This is huge b/c the rest of Asia (China and Japan) will
see how they act as colonizers and will want nothing
to do with these “Europeans” nor anything to do with
their “Jesus.”
Encounters with Europe 1450-1550
page: 425
• How did the rest of the world react to these
two great powers approaching them from
both the East and West?
• It varies
– Africa both accepts and rejects the Portuguese
after much intercourse.
– Amerindians were butchered and enslaved
– Asians reluctantly allowed the Portuguese to build
port cities only. No land empires.
Western Africa
• Benin interacted with the Portuguese and
traded in slaves and gold with them.
• They looked at Christianity and without
explanation said, “Leave!”
• No more adult male slaves and no Christianity.
• What is important here is that the African
nobles had the power and the ability to back
up this successful request.
Kongo
• The Kongo, further south of Benin, had less ivory
and pepper to trade with so they upped the ante
by trading in more of their slaves.
• This trade system began to be dominated by the
Portuguese. The Kongolese even became
Christian.
• King Alfonso of the Kongo was overthrown by his
own people and the Portuguese looked the other
way because by then, their attention was in the
Indian Ocean.
Eastern Africa (Swahili Coast)
• Ethiopia (Already Christian) would like to create an
alliance with the Christian Portuguese.
• Queen Helena of Ethiopia wanted the alliance to
help her against aggressive Muslim forces that
surrounded her kingdom.
• After her death, this idea was abandoned and some
Portuguese ambassadors and sailors lost their lives
due to the conflict. Chris da Gama, for example.
Africa and their interaction with
Portugual
• They were met by kings and queens and very
important dignitaries from all over the coast
lines of Africa.
• Africans routinely kept the Portuguese on the
coast
• This fit the Portuguese due to their lack of a
population and inability to wage war inland.
• However, due to their canon on the Caravel,
they could “set up shop” just about anywhere.
Indian Ocean States
page: 427
• Upon meeting those men from Portugal, the
traders of Calicut laughed at them and what
they were trading.
• This is a recurring theme throughout the
Indian Ocean. That is: The Europeans had
nothing to trade with. Perhaps this is why
deadly force was so common by the
Portuguese when it came to interaction with
those people in the Indian Ocean.
Map of India. Find Calicut and Bay of
Bengal?
Bay of Bengal and Malacca
• Bay of Bengal was needed to control all that
came out of India.
• Malacca, by 1511, was in the hands of the
Portuguese. 100,000 residents and over 80
languages were spoken there. This is a major
port city due to the all spices that come in and
out of Asia go through this “pressure point.”
Macao
• China’s reaction to the Portuguese was one of
interest.
• The Chinese gave them the port city of Macao
and it was not relented until 1999.
So, what can we learn here?
• Indian Ocean already had a very intricate
trade system in place.
• The Portuguese had nothing really important
to trade with.
• The Portuguese had guns (canons) though.
• This allowed them to take over the main
choke points of the Indian Ocean and really
supplant the Muslim traders and others that
had been there for 500 years.
Choke Points of 1500 are still the same
in 2010
Effects of the Portuguese
• Able to break the Pepper and Spice monopoly
that Genoa and Venice had for so long
• They were able to send excess cash back to
Brazil. This is the one true colony that
Portugal possessed.
• They had little impact on the mainland of Asia
or Africa, but the coastlines, by 1550,
belonged to the Portuguese.
The Americas
• The first people to come into contact with
Columbus were the Arawak (Taino). They
were of Haiti and Dominican Republic.
• They grew maize and sweet potatoes, cotton
and tobacco. Hot peppers were also a major
crop for the Arawak.
• In order to get the Europeans to move on,
they would tell them of stories of gold in
“other” places.
The two big Spanish Explorers
Hernan Cortez…takes Mexico
Francisco Pizarro …take Peru
Hernan Cortes(z)
• Cortes would use Aztec enemies Tlaxcalans as
huge allies to help defeat the Aztecs.
• Moctezuma II was captured and later killed by
Cortes and his men.
• They were able to take a group larger than a
million with some 250 men.
• They had things the natives had never seen.
– Horses, guns, boats, armor, etc.
Small pox
Small Pox
• Perhaps nothing had more a devastating effect
on the Native Americans than European
disease.
• Small pox killed more Amerindians than could
be counted.
• This has a psychological effect on the
Amerindians, too. It is like the gods are
saying, “You’re supposed to succumb to…”
Francisco Pizarro
• He had 180 men, 37 horses and two cannons.
• Eventually this is all he would need to take
down the great Inca Empire along the Andes
Mountains in Peru, South America.
• Using local feuds and angry outsiders of the
Incan world, Atahualpa would be killed for his
king’s room in jewels and gold.
Effects of the Spanish
• Population depletion all throughout Central and South
America
• Entire indigenous populations on Islands around
Central and South America were wiped out.
• Slave labor would be introduced
• A Columbian Exchange would take place
• Huge extractions of gold and silver would be
introduced into the Global Economy thanks to the hard
work of Amerindians.
• Vast Spanish colonies throughout the Americas would
be in place up to the mid 1800s.