Transcript The Americas: Pre-Columbian Empires to Colonies

The Americas: Pre-Columbian
Empires to Colonies
• This Power Point
presentation goes
with the Mastering
the TEKS in World
History book by
Jarrett, Zimmer, and
Killoran.
• Unit 4, Chapter 12
Essential Questions
• What were the major characteristics of the
Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations?
• How did the voyages of Christopher
Columbus forever change the world?
Important Ideas
• Complex American Civilizations
• Renaissance encouraged European
Exploration
• Christopher Columbus
• Spanish Conquest
• Europe got rich from the Americas
• American farming encouraged African
slave trade
The Kellogg Institute
Early Americans
• Nomadic Asians followed
herd animals into the
Americas.
• American Peoples
experienced their own
Neolithic Revolution.
• Pre-Columbian (before
Columbus) Civilizations
– Grew maize (corn)
– Did not live in river valleys
– Developed complex
societies
UCLA.edu
How did the Ice
Age effect the
population of
the Americas?
What if it had
not occurred?
The Maya (1500 B.C. to 1546 A.D.)
• Present day Guatemala
• Each city had a chief who was half man and half god
• Social Structure
– Hereditary nobility (performed sacred ceremonies and
assisted ruler)
– Craftsmen (made goods for nobility)
– Farmers (most people)
• Warlike people who
practiced human sacrifice
Based on the information
above, what type of
religion did the Mayans
have?
Harvard.edu
Built
magnificent
cities with
palaces,
temples, and
pyramids
Developed a
system of
hieroglyphics
or picture
words
What similarities does
Mayanhave to
this civilization
Achievements
the Egyptian
civilization?
Complex
system of
math with use
of zero, 365
day calendar
Created
colorful
murals and
created a
popular ball
game
The Aztecs (1200-1521)
• Present day Mexico
• Grew crops in “floating gardens” in wet, marshy
lands
• Complex Social Structure:
– Emperor who was all powerful
– Nobility served in government, army officers, and
priesthood
– Commoners who worked as
farmers, fishermen, craftsmen,
and warriors
– Slaves
• Religion: Polytheistic
• Warlike group that conquered
all surrounding tribes
Wku.edu
Built complex
temples that
were aligned
based on the
movements of
the sun and
moon
wikipedia
Created
accurate
calendars
based on the
sun
Compare
the Aztecs
Aztec
to the
Maya
Achievements
Calendar SFA.edu
UNM.edu
Built a large
empire with a
complex
government
structure and
large cities
wikimedia
Sacrificed
humans to
their main
god, the Sun
god. Sacrifice
was need to
keep the
universe in
motion
The Inca Empire (122-1535)
• Present day Peru,
Ecuador, Bolivia, and
Chile
• Terrace farmed and
grew potatoes and
other root crops
• Raised llamas and
alpacas for food, wool,
and transportation
Uncp.edu
Machu Picchu
Built
thousands of
miles of roads
to connect the
empire
Built a large
empire that
covers present
day Peru,
Ecuador,
Bolivia, and
Chile
Excellent
engineers that
built buildings
out of fitted
stones
How are the
Incas different
from other
Neolithic
Inca
Civilizations
Achievements
you have
studied?
Inca Quipu Larco Museum Collection
Used a system
of knotted and
colored ropes
(quipu) for
communicatio
n instead of
writing
Pre Columbian Art
La balsa Muisca (The Muisca raft), a pre-Columbian
gold sculpture representing the Muisca´s offerings of
gold.
Aztec jade mask depicting the god
Xipe Totec
Carved Mayan flint
dagger.
Describe PreColumbian art
based on these
works of art.
Inca Jar
Mayan jade mask
The Aztec
goddess
Coatlicue, mother
of earth.
Women’s Roles in Mesoamerica
• Women:
– Harvested grains
– Prepared food (made maize into flour)
– Cared for livestock
– Cared for children and home
– Some sold goods in markets
– Some were artisans
– Some worked as priestesses
Lesson Suggestions
• The Empire of the Americas Activity
• Nystrom Atlas Activity 40: Olmec and
Maya Civilizations
• Nystrom Atlas Activity 42: Aztec Empire
• Nystrom Atlas Activity 43: Inca Empire
The Columbian Exchange
Jarett Publishing
Why the Interest in Exploration?
• Asia
– Marco Polo’s writings
sparked European interest in
Asia
– Asian goods, especially
spices and silk, were sought
after in Europe
– The Silk Road was cut off by
the Ottoman Turks
• Renaissance:
– A new spirit of inquiry arose
– Europeans wanted to explore
the oceans
– New technology allowed for
better navigation, especially
the compass and triangular
lateen sail
Caravel: TAMU.edu
What impact did the
Ottoman Empire have on
European Exploration?
The Age of Discovery
• Both Spain and Portugal wanted
to establish trade with Asia and
financed overseas exploration
• Spain’s Rulers, Ferdinand and
Isabella:
– Captured the Muslim areas of Spain
– Expelled Spain’s Jewish Community
– Reunited all of Spain under Christian
Rule
– Sough to spread Christianity across
the world
• Portugal
– Prince Henry developed a lighter
sailing ship
– He sponsored expeditions along the
coast of Africa
Ferdinand and Isabella
wedding portrait, unknown
artist
Why would European
monarchs spend so
much money on
exploration?
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
• Sea Captain from
Genoa, Italy
• Sailed west in 3 ships
in hopes of finding a
quicker route to Asia
• Sponsored by the
King and Queen of
Spain
• Found instead the
Americas
• This new land brought
riches and raw
materials to Europe
Why would Columbus risk his
life to find a new trade route?
The Columbian Exchange
• Goods from America
to Europe:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Tomatoes
Corn
Potatoes
Peppers
Squash
Pineapples
Chocolate
Tobacco
Turkey
• Goods from Europe to
America:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Wheat
Sugar
Cattle
Horses
Pigs
Sheep
Chickens
Grains
Wikipedia.com
What other items might
have been exchanged
besides food and
animals?
How is this
map
different
from the
previous
one?
Later Explorers
• Vasco de Gama (14601524):
– Portuguese
– Discovered an all water
route to India
– Sailed around the tip of
Africa in 1497
• Ferdinand Megellan
(1480-1521):
– Portuguese
– 1st to sail around the
world (1519)
What dangers might
these men have faced
in these voyages?
Other Explorers
• England:
– John Cabot: claimed parts of
North America
• France:
– Jacques Cartier: explored the
St. Lawrence River
– Samuel Chaplain: explored the
Great Lakes area
– Robert de la Salle: explored the
Mississippi River
• Dutch:
– Henry Hudson: explored
Hudson Bay and Hudson River
looking for a “Northwest
Passage” to Asia
Lesson Suggestions
• Explorers Activity
• Nystrom Atlas Activity 44: Europeans
Explore and Settle in the Americas
The Conquest of the Americas
wikipedia
The Conquest of Mexico
• 1519: Hernando Cortez
sailed from Cuba to
Mexico.
• The Aztecs first thought
the Spanish were gods
• 1521 Cortez attacked the
Aztecs with the help of
other Native Americans.
• The Aztecs were
defeated mainly because
a smallpox epidemic had
broke out and killed many
of them.
Based on what you know
about the Aztecs, why would
other tribes help Cortez?
The Aztecs surrender to
Cortex, The British Library
The caption means “Now the
Mexica (Aztecs) were finished.”
The Conquest of Peru
• 1530 Francisco Pizarro left
Panama to conquer the Incas.
• The Incas just had a civil war.
• The Spanish pretended to be
friendly and ambushed and killed
the emperor. Spain won because
of their superior technology.
• In 1533 Pizarro captured the Inca
capital.
• The Spanish forced the Inca to
become Christian and were used
as a labor force.
What advantages in
Conquistador fighting the Incas
technology did the
Spanish have over the
American natives?
Colonial Latin America
• Latin America= blend of
European and Native
American culture
• Government: Viceroys
(governor) ruled each Spanish
province.
• Spanish born citizens filled
most positions in the
government and military.
• Gold and silver from the
Americas was shipped back to
Spain. This made Spain the
strongest European power.
What problems in
governing such a
large territory might
the Spanish have
ushistory.com
faced?
Colonial Society
• Conquistadors:
(Spanish Nobles)
owned the land
• Native Americans:
worked the land
• Priests: tried to
convert the Indians to
Christianity and keep
them from becoming
slaves
Colonial Society
• After a while this social order
developed:
• Noble officials and
landowners born in Spain
(peninsulares): head of
colonial society
• Spanish people born in the
New World (creoles)
• Mixed Spanish and Native
American people (mestizos)
• Native Americans (did most
of the hard work)
What observations do
you have about this
social structure?
New France
• Canada and along Great
Lakes down the
Mississippi River
• French missionaries tried
to convert the Indians
• By end of 17th century the
territory covered 3/4th of
North America
• Sent animal skins and
pelts back to France to
make hats
How might the population of
New France create problems
for the ruling government?
New Netherlands
• Around present-day New
York
• Traded with native
peoples
• Colony was controlled by
Dutch West India
Company
• New Amsterdam (New
York City) had a good
harbor and became the
center for trade.
The coastline claimed by New
Netherland and some settlements
shown relative to modern borders.
wikipedia
The English Colonies
• 1607: English
established
Jamestown in Virginia
• 1620: Pilgrims
establish colony in
Massachusetts
• 1630: The Puritans
settle near the
Pilgrims
• Eventually 13
colonies arose along
the Atlantic coast
The Atlantic Slave Trade
• Disease killed
many Native
Americans
• A new labor force
was needed in
the New World
• In Africa
conquering tribes
sold their
captives to the
Europeans
Based on the map, which
European power
acquired the most
African slaves?
The Atlantic Slave Trade
• 15 million Africans
were enslaved
• 11 million went to
Spanish colonies
• Many died coming
across the Atlantic in
what has become
known as the “Middle
Passage.”
Disrupted African
Culture:
destroyed Africa’s
culture and heritage
and led to violence,
bitterness, and social
upheaval
Encouraged African
Warfare:
captured slaves were
traded for guns, rum,
and other manufactured
goods
Legacy of the
Transatlantic Slave
Trade on Africa
Increased Cultural
Diffusion:
ideas, good, and
cultures were
exchanged in Africa
and the Americas
How has African
culture effected
American society
and culture?
Lesson Suggestions
• Conquering the Americas Activity
• Nystrom Atlas Activity 45: Three Worlds
Meet