Transcript The Americas: Pre-Columbian Empires to Colonies

The Americas: PreColumbian Empires to
Colonies
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This Power Point presentation goes with the Mastering the TEKS in World History book by Jarrett,
Zimmer, and Killoran.
Unit 4 – Chapter 12
Essential Questions
 What were the major social, economic,
political, and cultural characteristics of the
Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations?
 What were the major achievements of the
Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations?
Background: Early Americans
 Nomadic Asians followed
herd animals into the
Americas.
 American Peoples
experienced their own
Neolithic Revolution.
 Pre-Columbian (before
Columbus) Civilizations
Grew maize (corn)
Did not live in river
valleys
Developed complex
societies
UCLA.edu
How did the Ice
Age effect the
population of
the Americas?
What if it had
not occurred?
The Maya (1500 BC to AD 1546)
 Present day Guatemala and the Yucatán Peninsula
 Each city had a chief who was half man and half god
 Social Structure
Hereditary nobility (performed sacred ceremonies
and assisted ruler)
Craftsmen (made goods for nobility)
Farmers (most people)
 Warlike people who
practiced human sacrifice
Based on the information above,
what type of religion did the
Mayans have?
Harvard.edu
Built
magnificent
cities with
palaces,
temples, and
pyramids
Developed a
system of
hieroglyphics
or picture
words
Mayan
Achievements
Complex
system of
math with use
of zero, 365
day calendar
Created
colorful
murals and
created a
popular ball
game
The Aztecs (1200-1521)
 Present day Mexico
 Grew crops in “floating gardens” (chinampas) in
wet, marshy lands
 Complex Social Structure:
Emperor who was all powerful
Nobility served in government, army officers,
and priesthood
Commoners who worked as
farmers, fishermen,
craftsmen, and warriors
Slaves
 Religion: Polytheistic
 Warlike group that conquered
all surrounding tribes
Wku.edu
Built complex
temples that
were aligned
based on the
movements of
the sun and
moon
Created
accurate
calendars
based on the
sun
Aztec
Achievements
Calendar SFA.edu
UNM.edu
Built a large
empire with a
complex
government
structure and
large cities
wikimedia
Sacrificed
humans to
their main
god, the Sun
god. Sacrifice
was need to
keep the
universe in
motion
The Inca Empire (1200-1535)
 Present day Peru,
Ecuador, Bolivia,
and Chile
 Terrace farmed and
grew potatoes and
other root crops
 Raised llamas and
alpacas for food,
wool, and
transportation
Uncp.edu
Machu Picchu
Built
thousands of
miles of roads
to connect the
empire
Excellent
engineers that
built buildings
out of fitted
stones
Incan
Achievements
Used a system
of knotted and
colored ropes
(quipu) for
communicatio
n instead of
writing
Built a large
empire that
covers present
day Peru,
Ecuador,
Bolivia, and
Chile
Inca Quipu Larco Museum Collection
Pre Columbian Art
La balsa Muisca (The Muisca raft), a preColumbian gold sculpture representing the
Muisca´s offerings of gold.
Aztec jade mask depicting the god
Xipe Totec
Carved Mayan flint
dagger.
Describe
Pre- Columbian
art based on
these works
of art.
Inca Jar
Mayan jade mask
The Aztec goddess Coatlicue,
mother of earth.
Women’s Roles in Mesoamerica
 Women:
Harvested grains
Prepared food (made maize into flour)
Cared for livestock
Cared for children and home
Some sold goods in markets
Some were artisans
Some worked as priestesses
Does this suggest a strictly patriarchal society? Explain.
Americas Scavenger Hunt
 Objective:
 Students will use images to determine the impact of the civilizations of the Americas.
 Directions:
 Students will work in groups of four to six (a total of 6-8 groups) to correctly match
images and clues related to the Americas.
 Procedures:
 Groups will elect one representative to go to the front of the room.
 The teacher will hand each representative one clue to the various pictures posted
around the room. Each representative will receive a different clue, so groups will
start at different images around the room. (color coded clues work best to keep
groups separate)
 Students will remain at the front of the room with their clue until the teacher says
“go”.
 Once the teacher says “go”, the group reps can meet with their group members and
find the image that corresponds with their clue.
 Once they have matched the clue with the picture, they bring the clue back to the
teacher.
 If they have matched the clue correctly with the picture, they can move on to the
next clue. If they have matched the clue incorrectly, they must go back to their
source and rethink their answer.
 The steps are repeated until all clues have been matched correctly by each group.
 Once the class has finished the scavenger hunt, students will use the clues to answer
the big picture questions about the civilizations of the Americas. Groups must be
prepared to explain their answers to the class.
The Columbian Exchange
Jarett Publishing
Why the Interest in Exploration?
 Asia
 Marco Polo’s writings
sparked European interest in
Asia
 Asian goods, especially
spices and silk, were sought
after in Europe
 The Silk Road was cut off by
the Ottoman Turks
 Renaissance
 A new spirit of inquiry arose
 Europeans wanted to
explore the oceans
 New technology allowed for
better navigation, especially
the compass and triangular
lateen sail
Caravel: TAMU.edu
What impact did the Ottoman
Empire have on European
Exploration?
The Age of Discovery
 Both Spain and Portugal wanted
to establish trade with Asia and
financed overseas exploration
 Spain’s Rulers, Ferdinand and
Isabella
 Captured the Muslim areas of
Spain
 Expelled Spain’s Jewish Community
 Reunited all of Spain under
Christian Rule
 Sough to spread Christianity across
the world
 Portugal
 Prince Henry developed a lighter
sailing ship
 He sponsored expeditions along
the coast of Africa
Ferdinand and Isabella wedding portrait,
unknown artist
Why would European
monarchs spend so
much money on
exploration?
Christopher Columbus
(1451-1506)
 Sea Captain from
Genoa, Italy
 Sailed west in 3 ships
in hopes of finding a
quicker route to Asia
 Sponsored by the
King and Queen of
Spain
 Found instead the
Americas
 This new land
brought riches and
raw materials to
Europe
Why would Columbus risk his
life to find a new trade route?
Columbus’ Four Voyages
 August 3, 1492 - sailed
out of Palos de la Frontera
 land was sighted on
October 12, 1492
 Columbus called the
island he “found”, San
Salvador
 thinking he had reached
the East Indies, he called
the people Indians
 returned to Spain a hero
 convinced he had reached
East Asia
 made three more trips
 arrested for governing
tyrannically
 died penniless
The Columbian Exchange
 Goods from
America to Europe:  Goods from Europe to
 Tomatoes
 Corn
 Potatoes
 Peppers
 Squash
 Pineapples
 Chocolate
 Tobacco
 Turkey
America:
 Wheat
 Sugar
 Cattle
 Horses
 Pigs
 Sheep
 Chickens
 Grains
Wikipedia.com
What other items might have been exchanged besides food and animals?
How is this map different from the previous one?
Impact of the Columbian
Exchange
Impact on the Americas:
New livestock, including cattle, sheep, and pigs,
as well as crops from Africa resulted in a change
in diet.
Re-introduction of horses led to changes in
transportation.
New diseases such as smallpox, measles, and
influenza led to the deaths of millions of Native
Americans; slaves from Africa transformed labor
systems.
Impact of the Columbian
Exchange
Impact on Europe:
 New foods and plants resulted in a population
increase.
 The Americas became a valuable source of cotton and
sugar, resulting and colonization and plantation
systems where primarily forced labor was used,
leading to the development of the Trans-Atlantic
slave trade.
The impact of the Columbian Exchange
pushed beyond Europe into Asia where
populations increased due to more nutrientrich foods.
Later Explorers
 Vasco de Gama
(1460-1524)
 Portuguese
 Discovered an all-water
route to India
 Sailed around the tip of
Africa in 1497 and into the
Indian Ocean (1st European)
 Ferdinand Magellan
(1480-1521)
 Portuguese
 Crew 1st to sail around the
world (1519)
What dangers might these men
have faced in these voyages?
Early Voyages of European
Exploration, 1487–1609
Other Explorers
 England
 John Cabot: claimed parts
of North America
 France
 Jacques Cartier: explored
the St. Lawrence River
 Samuel Chaplain: explored
the Great Lakes area
 Robert de la Salle: explored
the Mississippi River
 Dutch
 Henry Hudson: explored
Hudson Bay and Hudson
River looking for a
“Northwest Passage” to
Asia
The Conquest of the Americas
wikipedia
The Conquest of Mexico
 1519: Hernando Cortez
sailed from Cuba to
Mexico.
 The Aztecs first thought
the Spanish were gods
 1521 Cortez attacked the
Aztecs with the help of
other Native Americans.
 The Aztecs were defeated
mainly because a
smallpox epidemic had
broke out and killed many
of them.
Based on what you know about
the Aztecs, why would other
tribes help Cortez?
The Aztecs surrender to Cortex, The British Library
The caption means “Now the Mexica (Aztecs) were
finished.”
The Conquest of Peru
 1530 Francisco Pizarro left
Panama to conquer the Incas.
 The Incas just had a civil war.
 The Spanish pretended to be
friendly and ambushed and
killed the emperor. Spain won
because of their superior
technology.
 In 1533 Pizarro captured the
Inca capital.
 The Spanish forced the Inca to
become Christian and were
used as a labor force.
What
advantages in
Conquistador fighting the Incas
technology did the
Spanish have over the
American natives?
Colonial Latin America
 Latin America= blend of
European and Native
American culture
 Government: Viceroys
(governor) ruled each
Spanish province.
 Spanish born citizens filled
most positions in the
government and military.
 Gold and silver from the
Americas was shipped
back to Spain. This made
Spain the strongest
European power.
What problems in governing
ushistory.com
such a large territory might
the Spanish have faced?
Colonial Society
 Peninsulares:
(Spanish Nobles)
owned the land –
encomienda
system of forced
labor
 Native
Americans:
worked the land
 Jesuit priests:
tried to convert
the Indians to
Christianity and
keep them from
becoming slaves
Colonial Society
After a while this social order developed into a
complex social order:
 Noble officials and landowners born in Spain
(Peninsulares): head of colonial society
 Spanish people born in the New World (creoles)
 Mixed Spanish and Native American people
(mestizos)
 Native Americans (did most of the hard work)
until the arrival of African slaves
The Colonial Class System
What observations
do you have about
this social structure?
Mestizos
Native Indians
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mulattos
Black Slaves
The English Colonies
 1607: English established
Jamestown in Virginia
 1620: Pilgrims established
the Plymouth colony in
Massachusetts
 1630: More Puritans arrive
to establish the
Massachusetts Bay Colony
near Plymouth
 Eventually 13 colonies
arose along the Atlantic
coast
Land Claims in the
Americas, c. 1700
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
 Disease killed
many Native
Americans
 A new labor force
was needed in the
New World
 In Africa
conquering tribes
sold their captives
to the Europeans
Based on the map, which European
power acquired the most African
slaves?
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Triangular Trade
 15 million Africans
were enslaved
 11 million went to
Spanish colonies
 Many died coming
across the Atlantic
in what has become
known as the
“Middle Passage.”
Interior of a Slave Ship
Disrupted African
Culture:
destroyed Africa’s
culture and heritage
and led to violence,
bitterness, and social
upheaval
Encouraged African
Warfare:
captured slaves were
traded for guns, rum,
and other
manufactured goods
Legacy of the
Trans-Atlantic Slave
Trade on Africa
Increased Cultural
Diffusion:
ideas, good, and
cultures were
exchanged in Africa
and the Americas
How has African
culture effected
American society
and culture?