Transcript Unit 3: Classical Civilizations

Warm-Up
• "Good habits formed at youth make
all the difference.”
– Aristotle
Unit 3: Classical Civilizations
Greece and Rome
The Minoans
• Developed around 2000 BC
• Named after their King Minos
• Capital city of Knossos on the island of
Crete
• Had a running water system
• 1400 BC, invaders from mainland
conquered Minoans
The Mycenaeans
• A warring people that took Minoan
civilization traits and made life better for
themselves
• Developed early form of Greek writing
called Linear B.
The City-States
• Polis- Greek word for city-state. Consists
of a fort, the city, and surrounding farm
lands and village.
• Acropolis- Greek for hill. Usually where
the fort, temples and public buildings were.
• Agora- the marketplace and meeting
place.
Government
• Aristocracies- city-state controlled by
noble class. Military, economy, judges,
established laws and punishments.
• Tyrants- illegally took power, but had
people’s support. A ruler with absolute
power.
Popular Government
• The idea that people can and should rule
themselves.
• Democracy- a government in which
citizens take part.
Society
• Myths- stories about gods, goddesses,
and heroes. Most came from Homer’s two
epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey.
• A polytheistic society.
• Priests and Priestesses could speak to the
gods through Oracles.
• Olympic Games- a way to please the
gods by showing off strength and bravery.
Warm-Up
• What is the name of the early form of
Greek writing?
Sparta
• Gained control of the Peloponnesus
around 1100 BC.
• People they conquered became slaves
called Helots.
• Two kings, one led the army, the other
took care of the city-state.
• Oligarchy- a government ruled by “few”
Military Society
• Every male Spartan was to be a military
machine.
• By age 7, Spartan boys went into military
camps.
• By age 18, they trained specifically for war.
• Men would serve in the military until the age
of 60, or were killed in battle
• Women were trained, but not like the men.
They devoted themselves to the city-state
and the men.
Athens
• Poor soil for farming, became good sea traders.
• Introduced coined money in 600 BC
• Practiced early forms of democracy
– Direct Democracy- all citizens participate directly in
making decisions.
– Representative Democracy- citizens elect
representatives to govern for them.
• US modern government.
• Draco- created Athens first written law code in
621 BC. –Draconian law- harsh or severe law.
Parthenon
Philosophers
• Socrates- taught education was key to
personal growth. Used the Socratic
Method, answering a question with a
question.
• Plato- a student of Socrates, founder of
the Academy. Believed in a universal
world
• Aristotle- a student of Plato. He believed
that every field of knowledge had to be
studied logically. Believed in the physical
world.
Warm-Up
• What type of government structure
did the Greek city-state Athens have?
Math, Science, Medicine
• Pythagoras- believed everything could be
explained mathematically.
– Theorem-
• Hippocrates- founder of medical science
performing experiments to understand the
human body.
– Hippocratic Oath- code of laws followed by
doctors to always help the sick with their
abilities, but never to injure.
The Persian Wars
• 500 BC, Persians and Greeks began
fighting.
• Darius crushed the Greek forces early on.
• 490 BC, Greeks defeated Persians at the
Battle of Marathon.
• 480 BC, Xerxes, Darius’s son, led forces
to Thermopylae. Defeated Greek forces
there.
• Greek navy defeats Persian navy,
eventually wins war.
The Age of Pericles
• Pericles was a great general and
statesmen in Athens from 461 to 429 BC.
• Established the most democratic
government in history.
• Responsible for building the Parthenon.
• Used Athenian Navy to keep Persians out
of Greece.
• He failed to unite Greece under Athens.
The Peloponnesian War
• In 431 BC, war between Sparta and
Athens broke out.
• Continued on and off for 27 years.
• Sparta allied with the Persians and
blocked Athens food supplies.
• Athens finally surrendered to Sparta in 404
BC
• Greece was unstable for many years after
this war.
Warm-Up
• Who is considered the founder of
medical science?
Conquering the World
• Peloponnesian War left Greek city-states
in shambles.
• Philip II of Macedon- became king in 359
BC and united Greece.
• In 336 BC he was assassinated. His son,
Alexander the Great, becomes king.
Alexander the Great
• Completely crushed Darius
III, Persian King, and took
control of Persia.
• Conquered Asia Minor,
Syria, Mesopotamia and
Egypt.
• Invaded India for 4 years,
never conquered India.
• Became ill and died in
Babylon in June 323 BC. He
was only 32 years old.
Spread of Culture
• Alexander wanted to spread Greek and
Persian cultures amongst the world.
• Religious ideas spread throughout empire
• Philosophies of Socrates and Aristotle
spread to Egypt and Mesopotamia.
The Hellenistic Age
•
•
Also called the Golden Age
Great contributions
– Euclid- development of geometry
– Archimedes- calculated the value of pi
– Eratosthenes- calculated the distance
around the earth.
– Herodotus- considered the Father of
History.
•
Lasts till 156 BC when Rome takes over.
After Alexander
• After his death, his empire was split up
into three kingdoms- Macedon, Egypt, and
Syria.
– Ptolemy in Egypt
– Seleucid in Syria/Persia
– Cassander in Macedonia
• Rule is weak and Rome was able to take
over.
Warm-Up
• Who is considered the father of
history?
Warm-Up
• What is the Greek term for a city-state?
ROME
Twelve Tables
• Ancient legislation that was the
foundation of Roman Law.
• Served as the constitution of the
Roman Republic.
Birth of the Roman Empire
• The First Triumvirate- rule of three, Julius
Caesar, Pompey, Crassus.
• Caesar became consul in 59 BC, Crassus
died in battle in 53 BC, Pompey became
consul in 52 BC.
• Caesar built up army and conquered Gaul
(France).
• Caesar marched army to Rome, in 44 BC,
Caesar was declared dictator for life.
Rome after Caesar
• Octavian- Caesar’s grandnephew, was named
heir to Rome.
• Senate gave him the name, Augustus, “the
revered one.” He is now known as Augustus
Caesar, or simply Augustus.
– 27 BC-14 AD
– Called himself Princeps, “First Citizen”
• Pax Romana- “Roman Peace”, the time period
known during the rule of Augustus and his
successors.
– 9AD-209AD
A Few Notable Rulers
• Nero- the last Roman ruler of the Julius
Caesar lineage (54-68 AD). Blamed for a
fire that almost took out Rome.
• Hadrian- (117-138 AD), helped conquer
Britannia and built Hadrian’s Wall.
• Marcus Aurelius- (161-180 AD) helped
keep invaders from the north and east
from attacking Rome.
Roman Contributions
• ARCHITECTURE:
• Colosseum- gladiatorial fights, fights
between man and beast, reenactments of
naval battles.
• Aqueducts- bridge like structures that
carried water from mountains to the city and
farm lands.
• Circus Maximus- chariot races.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sLy5V
CMuKM
Circus Maximus
Warm-Up
• What is the name of the
architecture structure that would
bring water into the city of Rome?
Contributions cont…
• Ptolemy- developed a system of
astronomy and geography. The Ptolemaic
System, the belief that stars, planets and
sun revolved around Earth, lasted for 1500
years.
• Galen- medical scientist, wrote lots of
medical journals that people studied for
centuries.
Warm-Up
• What does Pax Romana mean?
Warm-Up
• What is the name of noble class land
owners in Rome? Who was their
conflict with?
Christianity
• Jesus of Nazareth taught teachings based
off the Jewish traditions.
• Jewish rabbis, feared Jesus, convinced
Roman officials that Jesus was trouble.
• Roman officials arrested Jesus and Jesus
was crucified.
• Jesus rose from the dead and his
followers started calling him Messiah in
Greek, Christos, giving him the name
Jesus Christ.
The Spread of Christianity
• The Apostles of Jesus went across the
Roman Empire spreading the teachings of
Jesus and Christianity.
• Romans viewed Christianity in the 1st
century as a small group of radicals that
could be ignored.
• Romans then feared Christianity, believed
it was an attack on their religion and laws.
• By 200 AD, Rome began to fall and people
turned to Christianity for hope.
Romans Adopt Christianity
• In 312 AD, Roman emperor
Constantine declared his support for
Christianity. He promoted the religion
across the empire.
• In 391 AD, emperor Theodosius
declared Christianity the official
religion of Rome.
The Fall of Rome
• Money issues occurred, soldiers weren’t
getting paid enough, left army.
• Invaders from Germanic tribes start
attacking Roman borders.
• The Empire was too big to rule for one
person, it was split up between East
and West.
Diocletian
• In 284 AD, split the Roman empire in 2,
East and West.
• He ruled in the East.
• He was able to drive out invading
barbarians.
• Retired in 305 AD.
Constantine
• His father, Constantius, was emperor of
West Rome. He died, Cons. became
emperor.
• Emperor of East did not like, went to war,
Constantine won.
• In 324 AD, Constantine was sole emperor
of whole Roman Empire.
• Established the new capital of the empire,
Constantinople, in the East.
Warm-Up
• Which Emperor split the Roman
Empire in 2?
The Final Invasions
• Germanic tribes would continue to attack
Rome over a period of 100 years.
– Goths (Visigoths & Ostrogoths) In 410 AD,
Visigoths sacked Rome.
– Vandals sacked Rome in 455 AD
– Franks
• In 451, The Huns, led by Attila, attacked
Rome, was defeated.
• In 476 AD, Romulus Augustulus, the last
Roman emperor of the west was overthrown.
Causes of Decline
•
•
•
•
Germanic invasions
Too big to govern and protect.
Poor leadership at times.
Heavy taxes to pay more soldiers crushed
the economy.
Warm-Up
• “Good people do not need laws to
them to act responsibly, while bad
people will find a way around the
laws.“
– Plato