Transcript SOL Review
SOL Review World History I Quick Review ! 1 Humans emerged from what continent? Africa Humans emerged from Africa how many years ago? What did Early human’s survival depend upon? Availability of wild plants and animals What does Neolithic stand for? New Stone Age Scientist who study past cultures by located and analyzing human remains, fossils, and artifacts are call? Archaeologists Scientist can use tests to date and analyze fossils and artifacts. What is this called? Carbon Dating What did Neolithic Era societies do? Developed agriculture, domesticated animals, used advanced tools, made pottery, developed weaving skills What was the Neolithic Agriculture Revolution? People stopped hunting and gathering and started planting food What is an example of an archaeological site in England that was begun during the Neolithic Age and Completed during the Bronze Age? Stonehenge What does Paleolithic Era stand for? Old Stone Age What are characteristics of huntergather societies? nomadic, invented tools and simple weapons, learned how to make fire, lived in clans, developed oral language, created Cave-art What did early civilizations start around/near? Rivers What do rivers give to civilizations? Water and rich fertile soil for crops What are river valleys also called? Cradles of Civilization What type of religion did most early civilizations practice Polytheism The belief in many gods is called polytheism What River is the Egyptian Civilization centered around? Nile River What River is the Mesopotamian Civilization centered around? Tigris and Euphrates River What is the land between two Rivers called? Mesopotamia / Fertile Crescent What River is the Chinese Civilization centered around? Huang - He River / Yellow River People who specialize in a certain craft are called? Artisans Which was the first group of people to practice Monotheism? Hebrews What is Monotheism? Belief in One God Who is the founder of Judaism? Abraham Who led the Hebrew people out of slavery in Egypt? Moses What city is important to the Jews? Jerusalem Where are the written records and beliefs of the Hebrews ? Torah What is the moral and religious conduct for the Jews? 10 Commandments Who wrote in Hieroglyphics? Egyptians Who wrote in cuneiform? Sumerians Who wrote in Sanskrit? Indo-Aryans Who created the alphabet? Phoenicians Which group was tolerant of those they conquered, build roads, and had Zoroastrianism and an imperial bureaucracy? Persians What two Mountains ranges made the invasion of India difficult? Himalayas and the Hindu Kush How did Indo-Aryans enter into India? • Through the Khyber Pass What two Rivers were important in India? Indus River and the Ganges River What rigid class system did the IndoAryans set up? Caste System What Empire in India contributed mathematics, new textiles, and literature? They ruled during the Golden Age of India. Gupta Empire What is the cycle of rebirth? Reincarnation Future reincarnation based on present behavior is called? Karma In Hinduism the duty in one’s life is called? Dharma What are the sacred writings of Hinduism? Vedas and the Upanishads Which religion had many forms of one major deity? Hinduism How do you get to Nirvana in Hinduism? Follow your Dharma, have good Karma, move up in the Caste System, and ultimately understand the Nirvina Who is the founder of Buddhism? Siddhartha Gautama How do you achieve Nirvana in Buddhism? • Follow the Four Noble Truths and the Eight Fold Path Who sends out missionaries to spread Buddhism to China and other parts of Asia? Asoka What from Hinduism is not associated with Buddhism? The Caste System Why was the Great Wall of China built? To keep out invaders from the North. Isolate China Who built the Great Wall of China? Qin Shi Huangdi A line of rulers all in the same family is called what? Dynasty Chinese rulers believed they received the right to rule is called? Mandate of Heaven What trade route connected China to the Mediterranean Sea? The Silk Road What products did China contribute to the world? paper, porcelain, and silk What system of obtaining jobs did the Chinese create? The Civil Service System What is a Civil Service System? Taking tests to get a job. People working for the government and having to qualify. Belief that humans are good, respect for elders, code of politeness, emphasis on education, and ancestor worship are from what Chinese philosophy? Confucianism Who created the Chinese philosophy of Confucianism? Confucius Humility, simple life and inner peace, and harmony with nature are characteristics of what Chinese philosophy? Taoism/ Daoism Who created Daoism? Laozi What is the symbol in China that represents the opposite forces in Confucianism and Taoism? Yin and Yang Which religion spread to China, Korea, and Japan? Buddhism Which philosophy was known for strictness and harsh punishments? Legalism Classical Greece was centered on which water body? Aegean Sea What peninsula is Greece on? Balkan Peninsula What are the two most important city states in Greece? Sparta and Athens Who did Athens and Sparta team up to defeat? Persians What city did the Greeks try to defeat during the Trojan war? Troy Where is Troy located? Asia Minor/ Anatolia What physical feature helped create separate city states in Greece? Mountains Why did the Greeks have to create colonies to grow food? Greece had rocky infertile soil and Greece was overpopulated What religion did the ancient Greeks have? Polytheism based on Mythology Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Athena, and Aphrodite are gods and goddesses from which civilization? Greece What is the Greek word for city-state? Polis Who were citizens in Athens? Adult males who were free and born in Athens Who did not have rights in Athens? Women, foreigners, and slaves What are the stages of Government in Athens? Monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, democracy What two tyrants worked for reform in Athens? Draco and Solon Draconian laws are named after whom? Draco All citizens could participate in Athenian government. What type of government is this? Direct Democracy What type of government did Sparta have? Oligarchy A government ruled by the few is? Oligarchy Which city-state was known for is militaristic and aggressive society? Sparta What was the importance of the Persian Wars? Sparta and Athens team up to defeat the Persians Who was the Persian Wars between? Sparta + Athens vs. Persians Name two important battles during the Persian Wars? Marathon and Salamis Who won the Persian Wars? The Greeks During the Peloponnesian War, what were the Greeks fighting over? competition for control of the Greek world What league did the Athenians create? Dalian League What league did the Spartans create? • Peloponnesian League Who was fighting during the Peloponnesian War? Sparta vs. Athens Who won the Peloponnesian War? Sparta Who was the great leader of Athens? Pericles How did Pericles die? From the plague in Athens How did the Spartans win the Peloponnesian war? Cut off the food supply line to the city of Athens What did Pericles do after the war? Rebuilt the city What did Pericles spend Dalian League money to create? The Parthenon Where is the Parthenon? On the Acropolis in Athens What is the Parthenon? Temple to Athena In Greek culture what are Aeschylus and Sophocles known for? Drama In Greek culture what is Homer known for? Poetry In Greek culture what are Herodotus and Thucydides known for? History In Greek culture what are Archimedes and Hippocrates known for? Science In Greek culture what are Euclid and Pythagoras known for? Mathematics In Greek culture what are Socrates, Plato Aristotle known for? Philosophy What are the three types of Greek columns? Doric, Ionian, and Corinthian Who conquered much of Greece after being capture and held hostage for many years in Greece? Philip II of Macedon Who is Philip II of Macedon's son? Alexander the Great What is Hellenistic Culture? Combination of Greek , Persian and Egyptian Culture Where is Rome located? Italian Peninsula What was Roman Mythology based on? Greek religion What three things did Roman Mythology help to explain? Natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events Juno, Jupiter, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, and Venus are gods from which civilization? Roman What were the three social classes in Ancient Rome? Patricians, Plebeians, and Slaves What was the name given to the powerful nobles in Rome? Patricians What was the name given to the majority of the population in Rome? Plebeians Who could be a citizen in Rome? Patricians, Plebeians, and selected foreigners Name the three branches of government in the Roman Republic. Assembly, Senate, Magistrates Roman Law was codified and placed in the Forum for all to see. The codified Roman laws were called the... Twelve Tables Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade in the Mediterranean Basin. What are the wars called between Rome and Carthage? The Punic Wars What was the name of the famous general from Carthage that attacked the Italian Peninsula with Elephants? Hannibal What was the outcome of the Punic Wars? Rome was victorious. Carthage was utterly destroyed. What were the causes for the decline of the Roman Republic? Migration of farmers to cities, unemployment, Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar, devaluation of Roman currency Who was in the first Triumvirate? Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus After Julius Caesar took control of Rome as Dictator for Life he died shortly after, how? assassinated by members of the Senate Who was the first emperor of Rome? Augustus Caesar Who did Augustus Caesar have a civil war against in order to seize power over Rome? Marc Anthony What was the 200 years of peace and prosperity for Rome called? Pax Romana What was the social impact of the Pax Romana? returned stability to social classes and increased emphasis on family What was the economic impact of the Pax Romana? Established uniform system of money, expanded trade, guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads, and promoted prosperity and stability What was the political impact of the Pax Romana? created civil service and developed a uniform rule of law Christianity has its roots in what religion? Judaism Who was the originator and leader of Christianity? Jesus of Nazareth What type of religion is Christianity? monotheistic How was Christianity spread? The Apostles, including Paul, spread Christianity throughout Rome. Which emperor legalized Christianity in Rome? Constantine Where was the capital of Rome relocated to? Constantinople Why was Rome's capital relocated to Constantinople? Protection of the eastern frontier, removed from Germanic tribe invasions, crossroads of trade, Easily fortified and defendable site on a peninsula with a natural harbor. After the fall of Western Rome, what was the Eastern Empire called? Byzantine Empire What knowledge was saved and preserved by the Byzantine Empire? Greco-Roman culture What was Emperor Justinian responsible for? Codification of Roman Law (Justinian's Code), Recon quest of former Roman lands, and Expansion of trade What is the name of the large domed church built by Justinian? Hagia Sophia What caused the division of the Christian Church? Disagreement over the authority of the Pope. Where was the Eastern Orthodox Church centered? Constantinople Where was the Roman Catholic Church centered? Rome What language did the Eastern Orthodox Church use? Greek What language did the Roman Catholic Church use? Latin How did the Byzantine Culture influence Eastern Europe and Russia? Trade routes to the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea, adoption of Eastern Orthodox Christianity by Eastern Europe and Russia, Cyrillic Alphabet, Church art and architecture. Who was the founder of Islam? Muhammad Where did Islam begin? Arabian Peninsula, Mecca What religion stretched from Southern Asia, through Northern Africa to Southern Spain? Islam Islam is what type of religion? monotheistic What is the name of the holy book for Islam? Koran What are the fundamental principles of Islam called? the Five Pillars of Islam What two religions did Islam accept, calling them people of the book? Hebrews (Jews) and Christians What is the language of Islam that was also used as a language of trade? Arabic What are the two main groups in Islam? Sunni and Shi'a The Muslims that invaded Spain were stopped from advancing further into Europe by losing what battle? Battle of Tours What were the scientific contributions of the Islamic culture? Arabian numbers (adapted from India), Algebra, Medicine, and expansion of Geographic knowledge What shaped the ideals of daily life in Medieval Europe? Christian Beliefs, Classic Roman Heritage, Germanic Customs What became the unifying force in Europe after the fall of Rome? Roman Catholic Church Monasteries preserved what culture? Greco Roman Culture Who was appoint Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope in 800 C.E.? Charlemagne Grant of land given to a vassal from a lord? Fief Person granted land from a lord in return for services. Vassal Peasants who were bound to the land where they worked for a lord. Serfs Political system of local government based on granting of land in return for loyalty, military assistance, and other services. Feudalism Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around a selfsufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared land. Manor System What Germanic tribe emerged in Europe as a dominate force? The Franks Under Charlemagne what culture went through a revival? Roman Culture What Germanic tribes settled in England? Angles and Saxons What tribe traded with Russia and settled in Scandinavia and later northern France? Vikings What system became strengthened because of constant barbarian raids? Feudalism What trade route went from China to the Mediterranean Basin? The Silk Road What Sea trade route went from the Mediterranean Basin around Africa and into the Indian Ocean? The Maritime Routes to the Indian Ocean What trade route crossed the Northern Area of Africa? Trans-Saharan Trade Route What trade Europe with the City of Constantinople and the Mediterranean Basin? Northern Europe links with the Black Sea. What trade route was located in Western Europe? Western European river and Sea trade Name the nautical trade route located in the vicinity of East and south China. South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia Trade Route What good was traded from West Africa? Gold Where could a trader find spices? The lands around the Indian Ocean What areas were known for producing textiles? India, China, Middle East, and Europe What areas were known porcelain producers? China and Persia What civilization created paper? China Water Wheels and Windmills were invented by whom? India Which civilization invented the compass? China What area saw the invention of the lateen sail? the Indian Ocean What religion spread from India to China to Korea and finally Japan? Buddhism What if the name of a group of islands? Archipelago Chinese writing, architecture, and religion influenced what Asian civilization? Japan What Japanese religion places importance on natural features, forces of nature, ancestors, and emperor worshipping? Shintoism What civilization is located on the Yucatan Peninsula in Central America? Mayan Civilization What was the name of the city where the great Mayan observatory was located? Chichen Itza' What was Mayan economy based on? trade and agriculture What type of religion did the Mayans have? Polytheistic What civilization was located in present day central Mexico? Aztec What was the capital city of the Aztec Empire? Tenochitilan What was the economy of the Aztecs based on? Agriculture What type of religion did the Aztec civilization have? Polytheistic religion , based on warfare What ancient civilization was located in the Andes mountains of South America? Incas What was the name of the great temple city of the Incas? Machu Picchu What was the Incan economy based on? High-altitude agriculture What type of a religion did the Incans practice? Polytheistic What engineering feat did the Incans build in order to connect their civilization? A road system What were some of the achievements of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incans? Calendars, Mathematics, Writing systems Defeated the Anglo-Saxon army and became king of England. William the Conqueror Started Common Law under his rule. Henry II Signed the Magna Carta limiting the king's power King John Defining England as a country, what war was fought between England and France? Hundred Years' War Established the French Throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded control over most of France Hugh Capet Defining France as a country, this war was fought between France and England Hundred Years' War French girl who leads the armies during the Hundred Years' War; burned at the stake for heresy Joan of Arc Their marriage untied the two kingdoms of Spain. Also responsible for driving the Muslims out of Spain Ferdinand and Isabella Expanded the Spanish empire in the Western hemisphere Philip II Russian leader who threw off the rule of the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow, and expanded the Russian Nation Ivan III (The Great) Power was centralized in the hands of the leader of Russia, also called a... Tsar What religion influenced the unification of Russia Orthodox Church Told the Christians that if they died during the Crusades their sins would be forgiven Pope Urban What city was captured during the First Crusade? Jerusalem What Muslim leader was able to recapture Jerusalem from the Crusaders? Saladin During the Crusades the city of Constantinople was sacked and looted by whom? The Christians Crusaders What were the effects of the Crusades? • Weakened the Pope's authority. • Stimulated trade between Europe and Asia. • Increased religious intolerance between Muslims, Christians, and Jews • Weakened the Byzantine Empire This barbarian tribe invaded Russia and China while destroying cities and the countryside Mongols Who defeated the Byzantine Empire and took control of Constantinople in 1453? The Ottoman Turks How did the Black Death influence European society? Population decline, Scarcity of Labor, Towns freed from feudal obligations, decline of Church influence, Disruption of trade During the Middle Ages most people who could read and write were usually Church Scholars Church scholars would most likely be found living in these communities... Monasteries THE END!!!