Transcript Unit 3
UNIT 3 Greek and Roman Civilization When is it believed the Olympics ended? 12. When did the Olympics start up again? 11. MEDITERRANEAN AREA Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Red Sea Egypt Saudi Arabia Iraq Syria Morocco - Algeria Tunisia - Libya Alexandria Turkey Istanbul (Constantinople) Aegean Sea – Adriatic Sea Athens – Rome Greece – Italy Spain - France UNIT 3 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. How did the geography of Greece influence the development of Greek city-states? What kind of government was created in Athens? How did this government work? What enduring cultural achievements did Greeks make? MEDITERRANEAN REGION UNIT 3 VOCAB. Polis Helots Hubris Democracy Tyrant Pericles* *=biographical dictionary Socrates* Plato* Aristotle* Homer* Herodotus* Alexander the Great* GREECE ANCIENT GREECE The geography forced Ancient Greece to develop as individual city-states (polis) Separated by many mountains and islands Was not a unified country City-states developed different governments and societies But they shared a common language & religion ANCIENT GREECE Greeks were very loyal to their polis Greek city-states often warred against each other Did not think of themselves as Greeks, but (example) Athenian, Spartan, or Theban Only unified when fighting a common enemy Two city-states are considered the most famous and influential Athens and Sparta ANCIENT GREECE - ATHENS Athens Athens developed the first democracy* demos = people kratos = rule Democracy developed slowly over centuries Solon (a lawmaker) allowed all men to take place in assemblies But only wealthy men could hold office ANCIENT GREECE - ATHENS Cleisthenes divided Athens into 10 tribes (districts) Each tribe elected 50 men to serve on a council of 500 Each tribe elected a general to lead the Athenian army/navy ANCIENT GREECE - ATHENS Athenian democracy had many restrictions, only citizens could participate Male, free, 20yrs, military training No: women, children, slaves, immigrants Citizens had to: Vote in all elections Serve in office (if elected) Serve on juries Serve in military during wars ANCIENT GREECE - ATHENS Athenian democracy had 3 branches 1. Assembly (all citizens) – vote on laws 2. 3. This is called direct democracy Council of 500 – write the laws Series of courts – held trials, sentenced criminals An elected ‘Archon’ served as the head of the assembly and the council Served 1 year terms, but could be re-elected many times ANCIENT GREECE - PHILOSOPHY One of Ancient Greece’s greatest achievements was in philosophy Philosophy = search for wisdom and knowledge Athens produced the greatest of Greek philosophers 1. 2. 3. Socrates* Plato* Aristotle* ANCIENT GREECE - PHILOSOPHY Socrates (470-399 BC) Thought people could learn best by asking questions The ‘Socratic Method’ Sought truth about concepts such as truth, justice, virtue First to study human behavior to improve society (Sociology) ANCIENT GREECE - PHILOSOPHY Plato (428-328 BC) Student of Socrates Created ‘The Academy’ Wrote The Republic Philosophers were best suited to rule Is considered the be the ‘father of Western Civilization’ ANCIENT GREECE - PHILOSOPHY Aristotle (384-322 BC) Student of Plato Studied the natural world Considered the first biologist Emphasized using ‘reason’ and ‘logic’ Helped lead to the development of science in Europe Birds have feathers and lay eggs Owls have feathers and lay eggs Therefore… NOTEBOOK CHECK Mesopotamia & Sumer Q&A Hebrews and Judaism Q&A Unit 2 vocab. (cont.) Origins of Islam Q&A Unit 3 vocab. The Classical Age Q&A GREEK CIVILIZATION Government Type: Democracy Law & Punishment: Laws written and voted on by citizens Established trial by jury Contributions: World’s first democracy, established concept of ‘citizenship’ GREEK CIVILIZATION Record Keeping & Writing Type of writing: Wrote epics, poetry, history, and drama Literature: Recorded many Greek myths and Homer wrote epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey Wrote poetry that described emotions and desires GREEK CIVILIZATION Record Keeping & Writing Contributions: Greeks Herodotus and Thucydides were the first people to record history based on evidence GREEK CIVILIZATION Art & Architecture Art: Created ‘drama’ Wrote and performed comedies and tragedies Aeschylus wrote plays based on Greek history Sophocles wrote plays based on people bringing suffering on themselves (Oedipus) Aristophanes wrote comedies making fun of Athenian society GREEK CIVILIZATION Art & Architecture Art (cont.): Sculptors created beautiful, lifelike statues of gods and heroes Architecture: Constructed public buildings known for use of columns GREEK CIVILIZATION Formalized Religion God/Gods: Polytheism: Greek Pantheon Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Apollo, etc. Beliefs: Gods were human-like No afterlife Place: Temples – Delphi, Olympia Rituals/Ceremonies – Sacrifices, Olympic games GREEK CIVILIZATION Developed Cities Athens Sparta Thebes Argos Social Status Slavery: yes Gender equality: Very little except in Sparta, where women had more rights/freedoms GREEK CIVILIZATION Discoveries/Innovations First philosophers Aristotle founded Zoology/Botany Pythagoras discovered Pythagorean theorem Democritus discovered ‘atoms’ GREEK CIVILIZATION Discoveries/Innovations Hippocrates is the ‘Father of Modern Medicine’ Euclid wrote a Geometry textbook GREEK CIVILIZATION Discoveries/Innovations Eratosthenes calculated the diameter of the earth Aristarchus theorized the earth orbited the sun GREEK CIVILIZATION Greek achievements ranking exercise: Using your Greek civilization description sheet, and The Golden Age of Athens handout, rank what you believe are the 2 most important achievements of Ancient Greece and the 1 least important achievement Rank them #1 being most important, #3 being least important and give an explanation as to why they are the most/least important In making your decision, consider how these achievements might still have an impact on us today OR how things might be different if the achievements were never made QUIZ #1 Unit 3 vocab. Notes: Ancient Greece Civilization description handout Golden Age of Athens handout Reading: The Classical Age Q&A QUIZ #1 1. 2. 3. Why was ancient Greece not a unified country or nation? What kind of government was created in Ancient Athens? If you lived in Ancient Athens, would you (personally) be allowed to vote? Why or why not? Why/how is the beginning of philosophy in Ancient Greece important in the development of human history? QUIZ #1 4. 5. Greeks from various city-states got together every four years to compete in what? What was the purpose of this event? Write one achievement of the Ancient Greeks in each of the following fields: a) b) c) d) e) Art/Entertainment Medicine Astronomy Math Science QUIZ #1 Write the name of the person that the following statements refer to: 6. a) b) c) d) e) f) He is considered to be “the father of western civilization” He is considered to be “the father of modern medicine” He wrote epic poems such as The Iliad and The Odyssey He was the ruler of Athens at the height of their power during the ‘Golden Age’ He was a historian who wrote stories about the Persian Wars He used the ‘Socratic method’ to challenge peoples beliefs of truth and justice EC – What was significant about the Battle of Thermopylae? ESSENTIAL QUESTION 4. 5. What is the historical significance of Alexander the Great? What were the achievements of Greeks during the Hellenistic Age? GREECE – HELLENISTIC AGE The Classical Age of Greece was marked by great achievements, but also terrible wars Persian Wars (490 & 480) Greek city-states worked together to fight off the Persian invasions Peloponnesian Athens War (431 – 404) and allies fought against Sparta and allies in a 27 year war GREECE – HELLENISTIC AGE Following the Peloponnesian War Greek city-states were weak and vulnerable They would be conquered by King Philip II of Macedonia Greek region to the north GREECE – HELLENISTIC AGE GREECE – HELLENISTIC AGE Philip II would be assassinated in 336 BCE Greek city-states rebelled against Macedonian rule Philip’s son, Alexander, immediately set out to regain control of Greece A few years later he created the largest empire the world had ever seen He was only 20 years old GREECE – HELLENISTIC AGE Alexander spread Greek culture to the regions he conquered: Syria, Egypt, & Central Asia This blending of cultures of Greece and other regions created a new culture Referred to as The Hellenistic World GREECE – HELLENISTIC AGE Archimedes Discovered pi Made many practical inventions Archimedes screw Pulley and lever devices Archimedes principle Laser beam GREECE – HELLENISTIC AGE GREECE – HELLENISTIC AGE ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS 6. 7. 8. How did the Geography of Italy contribute to the expansion of and influence of Rome? What kind of government did the Romans create? How does this government work? How and why did Rome become an Empire? UNIT 3 VOCAB. (CONT) Republic Veto Constitution Forum Consuls Dictator Triumvirate Pax Romana Galen* Ptolemy* Latin Circus ROMAN CIVILIZATION Roman civilization began with the city of Rome in 753 BCE Founded by Latins, but influenced by Etruscans to the north, and Greeks to the South ROMAN CIVILIZATION Italy’s geography aided the growth of the Roman civilization Alps in the north, sea to the east, west, and south protected Rome from outside invaders Italy’s location in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea made it easier to trade, conquer, and control ROMAN CIVILIZATION Etruscans from North Italy conquered and ruled Rome in 616 BCE Romans successfully revolted in 509 BCE Romans vowed to never again be ruled by a tyrant Romans created a new form of Government – a republic (509 BCE) SEPARATION OF POWERS President (Executive Branch) Congress (Legislative Branch) Elected by citizens (electors) Includes Senate and House Elected to 4-year terms (2-max) of Representatives Commander-in-Chief of military Writes and votes on laws Emergency military powers Elected by citizens Decides on foreign relations Serves 6 (Senate) and 2 Supreme Court (Judicial Branch) (House) year terms Interprets the law Advises the President Sentences criminals Declares war Juries determine guilt/innocence AMERICAN REPUBLIC – 3 BRANCHES ROMAN CIVILIZATION Over centuries, the Roman Republic expanded Conquered Italian Peninsula by 265 BCE Conquered Carthage through a series of Punic Wars (149 BCE) Conquered Greece in 146 BCE ROMAN CIVILIZATION Rome’s success was possible because of a powerful army Roman men 17-46 were required to serve in time of war Roman military was well-trained, highly organized, and very disciplined ROMAN CIVILIZATION Government Elected officials, then Emperors Created a written constitution (The Twelve Tables) Conquered people paid taxes, donated soldiers Built apartments, gave away free food, provided public entertainment Established ‘Separation of Powers,’ checks & balances, and gave civil rights ROMAN CIVILIZATION Religion Adopted Greek mythology, sometimes worshipped emperors as Gods (Jupiter & Juno) Gods and spirits played a role in daily lives N/A Temple / Home Performed ritual sacrifices to please the Gods FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE Roman expansion created problems Conquered territories, called provinces, were heavily taxed People weren’t always granted citizenship Corrupt officials FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE Italian farmers couldn’t compete with farmers in the provinces Italian’s abandoned their farms, and moved to Rome Often could not find jobs and took up crime and mercenary work FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE A power struggle between the rich and poor led to civil war Rome became ruled by a Triumvirate Eventually, Julius Caesar seized power and became dictator for life FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE As dictator, Julius Caesar was very popular Gave land to the poor People in provinces were granted citizenship Many public works were made Fearing his popularity, and believing he wanted to end the Republic, a group of Senators assassinated Julius Caesar FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE Following a 2nd Triumvirate, and civil war, Octavian Caesar Augustus became emperor of Rome, thus ending the Republic Began a ‘Golden Age’ in Roman civilization Was worshipped as a God Ruled for more than 40 years QUIZ #2 Notes: Greece – Hellenistic Age Civilization description: Greece Reading: Alexander the Great and His Legacy Q&A The Hellenistic Age handout Unit 3 vocab. Notes: Roman Civilization / From Republic to Empire Roman Republic handout Reading: From Republic to Empire Q&A QUIZ #2 1. 2. 3. 4. Who conquered Greece at a young age and went on to create the largest Empire in the world? What is most significant about this person? What were two achievements/inventions of Archimedes? How did the Geography of Italy influence the development of Roman civilization? QUIZ #2 5. 6. 7. What kind of government did the Romans create? Why? How does this government work? What are two similarities between the government we have in the United States and the government that was created in Rome? Describe how/why Rome transitioned from a Republic to an Empire ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS In what ways was government under the rule of Emperors different than rule under the Republic? 10. What enduring cultural contributions were developed by the Roman civilization? 11. How did Roman culture and their achievements spread throughout their empire? 9. ROMAN EMPIRE Under the rule of Emperors, Roman government unified the empire, and Roman Law was applied fairly to all citizens “I found Rome built of bricks; I leave her clothed in marble.” -Octavian Caesar Augustus ROMAN EMPIRE With first emperor Octavian Augustus, a 207 year period (27BC – AD 180) of peace, stability, prosperity, and growth began Known as the ‘Pax Romana’ The Roman Empire reached the height of its power under the ‘Good Emperors’ A series of 5 rulers that governed from AD96 – AD180 ROMAN EMPIRE Roman culture was able to spread for many reasons 1. Universal language 2. Extensive trade network 3. Roman peace ROMAN EMPIRE Roman language, Latin, was adopted by many throughout the empire Latin is the basis for ‘Romance Languages’ spoken today French, Italian, Spanish, Romanian, and Portuguese Many English words derive from Latin as well ROMAN EMPIRE Romans constructed over 50,000 miles of roads Used for military travel & trade Some of which is still used today Trade spread Roman culture and brought foreign goods to Romans “all roads lead to Rome” ROMAN CIVILIZATION Record Keeping/Writing Latin Written laws, tax and business records The Aeneid by Virgil Latin became the first ‘universal language’ Invented ‘satire’ ROMAN CIVILIZATION Art and Architecture Architecture: Romans used the ‘round arch,’ ‘vault,’ and dome to make very strong structures Invented concrete, which allowed for larger structures ROMAN CIVILIZATION Art and Architecture The remaining ruins of architectural feats have inspired architects for centuries Roman Pantheon Roman coliseum ROMAN CIVILIZATION ROMAN CIVILIZATION Social Status Patricians enjoyed multiple homes and luxuries. Very involved in politics N/A Plebeians lived in crowded apartments, unsanitary conditions. Were vast majority of people Slavery was very common and slaves served many roles Virtually no gender equality ROMAN CIVILIZATION Social Status Romans of all classes enjoyed public entertainment Chariot races Gladiatorial combat Public baths were popular places of recreation and socialization ROMAN CIVILIZATION Innovations / Technology Engineers designed aqueducts, sewage systems, and amphitheatres Roman bridges helped connect Roman roads ROMAN CIVILIZATION Innovations / Technology Galen, wrote a textbook summarizing most medical knowledge of the time Was regarded as the greatest authority on medicine over 1,000 years ROMAN CIVILIZATION Innovations / Technology Ptolemy collected all known works in astronomy and geography Many of his theories, while incorrect, were used in Europe for over 1,000 years ROMAN CIVILIZATION Economy The size of the Empire provided an abundance of resources Trade networks stretched throughout the empire and beyond Romans extensively coined money, making trade much easier ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS What are the basic beliefs of Christianity? 13. How did Christianity spread through the Roman Empire? 14. What factors contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire? 12. GROUP ASSIGNMENTS Facilitator – your job is to ensure everyone has an opportunity to speak and that all ideas are considered Coordinator – after hearing everyone’s rankings and explanations (1st - 4th), it is your job to determine the overall group rankings of the achievements Secretary – your job is to write down the groups decision and explanation as to which Roman contribution is most significant Presenter – It is your job to share with the class your groups decision and explanation of the most significant Roman contributions REFLECTION On a ½ sheet of paper, respond to the following questions: What did you learn today? Why is it important? ROMAN EMPIRE - CHRISTIANITY Christianity begins with the birth of Jesus, believed by Christians to be the son of God Born in Bethlehem, Judea Controlled by the Roman Empire Monotheism Believed Jesus performed miracles Stressed love and forgiveness to all Taught of the Kingdom of Heaven Recorded in the ‘Gospels’ of the New Testament in the Bible ROMAN EMPIRE - CHRISTIANITY As Jesus’ popularity grew he was seen as a threat to Roman and Jewish leaders Seen as a blasphemer and challenging Roman authority Was arrested, whipped, and crucified in Jerusalem ROMAN EMPIRE - CHRISTIANITY Christians believe Jesus was resurrected Continued to teach his disciples Eventually Jesus ascended to heaven Convinced followers and doubters he was the ‘messiah’ ROMAN EMPIRE - CHRISTIANITY Christianity spread quickly through the Roman Empire for several reasons: Apostle Paul began converting gentiles (non-Jews) Pax Romana and roman roads allowed missionaries to freely travel and build churches Christian message of love, hope, and heaven, appealed to many Romans Christian martyrs inspired people to convert Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 1. The decline of the Roman Empire occurred for several reasons Internal problems 2. External problems Weak Emperors Disease Barbarian invasions The internal + external problems created an economic crisis that would ensure the collapse of the Roman Empire FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE -Weak emperors -Civil war -Inflation -Economic crisis -Tribal Invasion -Decline in trade -Coining more money -Increase military -Robbery & Piracy increase -Raised taxes -Decrease in trade NOTEBOOK CHECK - FRIDAY Alexander the Great and His Legacy Q&A Comparing Republican Governments From Republic to Empire Q&A Rise of Christianity Q&A Fall of Rome Q&A Unit 3 vocab.